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98 lines
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98 lines
5.3 KiB
Markdown
# Pakistan’s foreign policy and relations with other countries
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05-07-2025
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[[Pakistan Affairs]]
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Foreign policy refers to a country's strategy in dealing with other nations to protect its national interests, ensure security, promote economic ties, and enhance its global image.
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## Core Principles of Pakistan’s foreign policy
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Pakistan’s foreign policy draws heavily from **Article 40 of its Constitution** and statements by founding leaders like **Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah**. The guiding principles include:
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- Peaceful coexistence
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- Non-interference in the internal affairs of other states
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- Support for Muslim causes (e.g., Palestine, Kashmir)
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- Pursuit of regional and international peace
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- Promotion of economic cooperation
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- Compliance with UN Charter and international law
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## **Main objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy**
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- Preserve national security and sovereignty
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- Resolve the Kashmir issue
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- Foster strong ties with Muslim countries
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- Improve relations with major powers (China, US, Russia)
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- Promote economic and energy cooperation
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- Strengthen regional integration (e.g., ECO, SCO)
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- Promote Pakistan's image as a responsible nuclear power
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## Relations with other countries
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### Strategic alliance with China
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China is arguably Pakistan’s most trusted ally. The relationship, often described as "higher than the Himalayas and deeper than the oceans", covers defense, economy, and diplomacy.
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- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is central to Pakistan’s development strategy.
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- China supports Pakistan on Kashmir and FATF issues.
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- Military cooperation includes joint exercises and technology transfer.
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This alliance helps Pakistan balance against India's regional dominance.
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### **Complex relationship with the United States**
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Pakistan’s ties with the US have fluctuated over time from Cold War cooperation to mistrust during the War on Terror.
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- During the Cold War, Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO as a US ally.
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- During the Afghan War, Pakistan became a frontline state alongside US in assisting the Mujahiddeen to counter Soviet invasion.
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- After 9/11, Pakistan became a "Major Non-NATO Ally" and supported the US''s "War on Terror" in Afghanistan.
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- However, the relationship has faced tension due to:
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- US drone strikes in Pakistan
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- Accusations of harboring terrorists
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- The 2011 Osama bin Laden incident
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Recently, Pakistan is trying to rebalance this relationship while focusing more on geoeconomics.
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### Relations with the Muslim World
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Pakistan has traditionally emphasized Islamic unity and maintained close ties with countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran.
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- Saudi Arabia is a major source of oil, loans, and remittances.
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- Turkey supports Pakistan on the Kashmir issue and partners in defense.
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- Iran is a neighbor with whom Pakistan shares religious, ethnic, and trade ties, but relations are often strained due to sectarian and geopolitical differences.
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Pakistan often walks a tightrope between the Iran-Saudi rivalry.
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### Conflict with India
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The Kashmir dispute is the single most defining issue in Pakistan’s foreign policy when it comes to India. Pakistan and India have fought three full-scale wars (1947, 1965, 1971) and the Kargil conflict (1999), which was also mostly linked to Kashmir.
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- Post-2019 abrogation of Article 370 by India, ties worsened drastically.
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- Trade and dialogue are suspended.
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- Cross-border firing and Line of Control (LoC) violations are common.
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Pakistan wants international mediation on the Kashmir issue while India insists on bilateral resolution, but no meaningful talks have taken place in years.
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### Afghanistan - Strategic Backyard
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Pakistan seeks a friendly and stable Afghanistan, partly to avoid Indian influence and partly due to shared border, ethnic groups (Pashtuns), and refugee issues.
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- Pakistan supported the Taliban in the 1990s.
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- Advocated for peace talks after the 2021 US withdrawal.
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- Security remains a concern due to terrorist spillover.
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Pakistan supports regional frameworks like the Doha Talks to encourage inclusive governance in Kabul.
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### Central Asia – The gateway to Energy and Trade
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Central Asia offers Pakistan both strategic depth and economic opportunity, especially in terms of energy imports, connectivity projects, and regional influence.
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- Growing interest in energy pipelines, connectivity, and defense cooperation.
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---
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## ## **Challenges facing Pakistan’s foreign policy**
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Despite successes, Pakistan’s foreign policy faces serious hurdles:
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- Kashmir remains unresolved, fueling tension with India.
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- Global image problem: Accusations of supporting extremism led to inclusion in the FATF grey list (until 2022).
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- Dependency on aid from Gulf states and international lenders limits sovereignty.
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- Balancing act between the US, China, Iran, and Gulf powers is becoming harder.
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- Internal instability (economic crisis, political unrest) affects diplomatic credibility.
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![[causes behind pakistan's reactive foriegn policy mindmap.excalidraw|600]]
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## Recent Shift: From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics
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In 2021, Pakistan officially announced a foreign policy pivot from security-centric geopolitics to economic diplomacy.
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This includes:
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- Trade and investment promotion
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- Regional connectivity via CPEC, CASA-1000, and TAPI pipeline
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- Integration into platforms like SCO and ECO
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---
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## Mind Map
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![[pakistan's foreign policy overview mindmap.excalidraw|600]] |