4.8 KiB
| title | tags | date | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antenna |
|
2023-06-30 |
Theorem you need know
What is antenna
A usually metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves
A simple model representing antenna
R_L损耗电阻 - 介质与结构导致的损耗R_r辐射电阻 - 与天线产生的辐射的能量关系密切X_A电抗 - 描述天线近场电磁能转换的现象 (一般情况下X_A= 0)
Warning
天线还有一个很重要的损耗来源,mismatch loss, 天线跟前端的阻抗不匹配,导致能量打不进天线,这点可以通过设计和材质来解决
Types of antennas
Wire antennas
Aperture antennas
Microstrip antennas
Array antennas
[!hint] 天线的目的简单来说,就是为了将能量尽可能辐射出去,同时按照你希望的方向和区间辐射。
Reflector antennas & Lens antennas
Radiation mechanism
Ideal antenna
Radiate all the power delivered to it from the transmitter in a desired direction or directions.
How is radiation accomplished?
- How are EM fields generated by the source?
- How are EM fields contained and guided within the transmission line & antenna?
- How are EM fields finally detached from the antenna to form a free-space wave?
How are EM fields generated by the source?
- $q_v$电荷密度,
C/m^3 - $v_Z$电荷移动速度,
m/s - $J_Z$电流密度,
A/m^2
A/m^2 = C/m^3 * m/s = \frac{C}{m^2 * s}
导线由PEC所做时,或者高频情况,电流变成面电流
- $J_S$变成面电流密度,
A/m^2 - $q_S$也变成面电荷密度,
C/m^2
但wire非常thin,当然面最终被认为为线
I_Z = q_l v_Z
我们用thin wire case来讨论
对这个式子做时间微分
\frac{dI_z}{dt} = q_l\frac{v_Z}{dt}=q_l a_z
l\frac{dI_Z}{dt}=lq_la_Z=Qa_z
[!hint] To create radiation, there must be a time-varying current or an acceleration (or deceleration) of charge
-> The wire must be curved, bent, discontinuous, terminated, or truncated
How are EM fields contained and guided within the transmission line & antenna?
radiation要考虑两个方面,一方面激发电场那边提供的电子的加速,另一方面时end部分的pause造成的电子的减速,这两边会有最主要的辐射;
如果加速和减速之间的距离很短,形成一个pulse,会发出一个很宽频的信号;
如果加减速达到间歇运动状态,会发出一个单频的辐射
[!hint] 用水波去理解辐射
在池塘里要产生水波,你可以丟一颗石头
Source可以产生pulse或者弦波,引起电磁振荡,induce电荷做加减速,产生时变电流,在导线里产生导波,也就是在传输线中引导的电磁波,电磁波最后会走到天线端,被辐射出去;
pulse就像你丢了一颗石头下去,弦波就像你按照周期去丢
[!hint] 根据Maxwell's equations
当电磁波在导线中存在的时候,它是需要时变的电流或者说是加减速的电荷来support。在传输线里,需要source才能有场;
但是在解Maxwell's equations的时候,是有一组homogeneous的解,这组解指的是,你不需要source的存在的场,这个场指的是free-space wave;
所以,天线本质上就是一个interface,将导线内需要source的场,变成不需要source的场,也就是free-space wave







