quartz/content/electrical_electronics/RF/antenna/antenna.md
2024-05-24 11:49:07 +08:00

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Antenna
SAR
physics
basic
2023-06-30

Theorem you need know

What is antenna

A usually metallic device for radiating or receiving radio waves

A simple model representing antenna

  • R_L 损耗电阻 - 介质与结构导致的损耗
  • R_r 辐射电阻 - 与天线产生的辐射的能量关系密切
  • X_A 电抗 - 描述天线近场电磁能转换的现象 (一般情况下X_A = 0)

Warning

天线还有一个很重要的损耗来源,mismatch loss, 天线跟前端的阻抗不匹配,导致能量打不进天线,这点可以通过设计和材质来解决

Types of antennas

Wire antennas

Aperture antennas

Microstrip antennas

Array antennas

[!hint] 天线的目的简单来说,就是为了将能量尽可能辐射出去,同时按照你希望的方向和区间辐射。

Reflector antennas & Lens antennas

Radiation mechanism

Ideal antenna

Radiate all the power delivered to it from the transmitter in a desired direction or directions.

How is radiation accomplished?

  • How are EM fields generated by the source?
  • How are EM fields contained and guided within the transmission line & antenna?
  • How are EM fields finally detached from the antenna to form a free-space wave?

How are EM fields generated by the source?

  • $q_v$电荷密度,C/m^3
  • $v_Z$电荷移动速度,m/s
  • $J_Z$电流密度,A/m^2

A/m^2 = C/m^3 * m/s = \frac{C}{m^2 * s}

导线由PEC所做时或者高频情况电流变成面电流

  • $J_S$变成面电流密度,A/m^2
  • $q_S$也变成面电荷密度,C/m^2

但wire非常thin当然面最终被认为为线


I_Z = q_l v_Z

我们用thin wire case来讨论

对这个式子做时间微分


\frac{dI_z}{dt} = q_l\frac{v_Z}{dt}=q_l a_z

l\frac{dI_Z}{dt}=lq_la_Z=Qa_z

[!hint] To create radiation, there must be a time-varying current or an acceleration (or deceleration) of charge

-> The wire must be curved, bent, discontinuous, terminated, or truncated

How are EM fields contained and guided within the transmission line & antenna?

radiation要考虑两个方面一方面激发电场那边提供的电子的加速另一方面时end部分的pause造成的电子的减速这两边会有最主要的辐射

如果加速和减速之间的距离很短形成一个pulse会发出一个很宽频的信号

如果加减速达到间歇运动状态,会发出一个单频的辐射

[!hint] 用水波去理解辐射

在池塘里要产生水波,你可以丟一颗石头

Source可以产生pulse或者弦波引起电磁振荡induce电荷做加减速产生时变电流在导线里产生导波也就是在传输线中引导的电磁波电磁波最后会走到天线端被辐射出去

pulse就像你丢了一颗石头下去弦波就像你按照周期去丢

[!hint] 根据Maxwell's equations

当电磁波在导线中存在的时候它是需要时变的电流或者说是加减速的电荷来support。在传输线里需要source才能有场

但是在解Maxwell's equations的时候是有一组homogeneous的解这组解指的是你不需要source的存在的场这个场指的是free-space wave

所以天线本质上就是一个interface将导线内需要source的场变成不需要source的场也就是free-space wave

How are EM fields finally detached from the antenna to form a free-space wave?

Radar key Parameters

Reference