diff --git a/clean-md.py b/clean-md.py new file mode 100644 index 000000000..45a6bb3aa --- /dev/null +++ b/clean-md.py @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +import os +import re + +def clean_markdown_file(filepath): + with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + lines = f.readlines() + + original_lines = lines[:] + + # Step 1: Remove heading if it starts with '# ' + if lines and lines[0].lstrip().startswith("# "): + print(f"[{filepath}] ✓ Removing heading: {repr(lines[0])}") + lines.pop(0) + + # Step 2: Skip any blank lines at the top + while lines and lines[0].strip() == "": + lines.pop(0) + + # Step 3: Remove the next line if it’s a date + if lines and re.fullmatch(r'\d{2}-\d{2}-\d{4}', lines[0].strip()): + print(f"[{filepath}] ✓ Removing date: {repr(lines[0])}") + lines.pop(0) + + # Write back only if changed + if lines != original_lines: + with open(filepath, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + f.writelines(lines) + print(f"[{filepath}] ✔ Cleaned.\n") + else: + print(f"[{filepath}] ✖ No changes made.\n") + +def process_markdown_files(root_folder): + for dirpath, _, filenames in os.walk(root_folder): + for filename in filenames: + if filename.endswith(".md"): + filepath = os.path.join(dirpath, filename) + clean_markdown_file(filepath) + +# 👇 Replace with your actual path +root_folder = "content" +process_markdown_files(root_folder) diff --git a/content/.gitkeep b/content/.gitkeep deleted file mode 100644 index e69de29bb..000000000 diff --git a/content/Islamic Studies.md b/content/Islamic Studies.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b80a88f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Islamic Studies.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +## Basics of Islam +- [[Concept of Islam]] +### Articles of Faith +- [[The Doctrine of Tawhid in Islam]] +- [[Doctrine of Risalat]] +- [[Finality of Prophethood]] +- [[Belief in Angels in Islam]] +- [[Belief in the revealed books in Islam]] +### Pillars of Worship + + +## Life of the Prophet + + +## Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam + + +## Islamic Civilization and Culture +- [[Islamic Culture and Civilization]] + + +## Islam and the World +- [[Muslim world and its contemporary challenges]] + +## Public Administration and Governance in Islam +- [[Sources of Islamic Law]] + +## Islamic Code of Life + + + + diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Belief in Angels in Islam.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Belief in Angels in Islam.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cbaddd20f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Belief in Angels in Islam.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +Belief in angels is one of the articles of Islamic faith. Non-believers thought of angels to be lesser deities or daughters of Allah, but [[The Doctrine of Tawhid in Islam|Tawhid]] claims that there is no god but Allah. Therefore, the angels do not share in His divinity and are His servants just like humans. + +## Purpose of Angels +Allah has created different angels for different purposes, and all of them are assigned different roles in the grand scheme of the universe. One very important role is that of a messenger. The angel Gabriel had brought revelation from Allah to various prophets throughout history, including Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). + +![[Quran 16-2.png]] + +>"He sends down the angels, with the inspiration of His command, upon whom He wills of His servants." (Quran 16:2) + +Another important role is that of recording every man's words and actions. For this purpose, Allah has assigned two angels to every man who record everything from his birth till death. + +![[Quran 82-10-11.png|300]] + +> "And indeed appointed over you are keepers. Noble and recording." (Quran 82:10-11) + +## Importance for personal life +Since angels are Allah's servants, worshiping them is degrading for human beings. On the first day of the creation of Adam, Allah made all angels prostrate before Adam and granted him knowledge that the angels did not possess. So, in a way, a human being is far superior to any angel. + +## References +[[Towards Understanding Islam — Syed Abul A'la Muadudi]] +Islamiyat — Farkhanda Noor Muhammad \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Belief in the revealed books in Islam.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Belief in the revealed books in Islam.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..cf4825189 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Belief in the revealed books in Islam.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +Throughout history, Allah has guided mankind by sending divine guidance. This guidance is contained in the books of revelation sent to mankind through prophets and messengers. Belief in these revealed books is one of the six required faiths in Islam. + +![[Quran 42-51.png]] + +> "And it is not for any human being that Allah should speak to him except by revelation." (Quran 42:51) + +## The Revealed Books +The revealed books mentioned by name in the Quran are: +- Torat (Torah) revealed to Prophet Musa (Moses) +- Zabur (Psalms) revealed to Prophet Daud (David) +- Injeel (Gospel) revealed to Prophet Isa (Jesus) +- Quran revealed to Prophet Muhammad + +## The Quran +From the creation of Adam to the final Prophet Muhammad, Allah has sent the same guidance time and time again: belief in the oneness of Allah, belief in his angels, books, prophets, Allah's will, and the day of judgement, and ethical and moral guidance. All of the books contained the same message, but over time these messages got distorted. Alterations were made by people to benefit themselves, and it is almost impossible to determine now which parts are the original revelation of Allah and which are human alterations. Except the Quran, none of the other books survive in their original form. + +Since none of the original revelations survive, the Quran was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad as the final and complete divine guidance from Allah to mankind. + +![[Quran 2-2.png]] + +>"This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those who fear Allah." (Quran 2:2) + +Unlike the other books of revealation, the Quran is still in its original form. Even though 1400 hundreds years have passed since it was first revealed, there are still no errors or alterantions in the Quran. This is because Allah himself has promised to safeguard the Quran from corruption. + +![[Quran 15-9.png]] + +>"Indeed it is We who sent who sent down the Quran and indeed, We will be its guardian." (Quran 15:9) + +## References +[[Towards Understanding Islam — Syed Abul A'la Muadudi]] +Islamiyat — Farkhanda Noor Muhammad \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Concept of Islam.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Concept of Islam.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ffd4bb757 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Concept of Islam.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +Islam is an Arabic word which has meanings of "submission", "surrender", and "obedience". As a religion, Islam stands for complete submission and obedience to Allah. + +Another literal meaning of the word Islam is "peace". The peace here can mean a lot of things, for example, peace of body and mind. But this peace can also only be attained through submission and obedience to Allah. A life of obedience brings inner peace and peace in society at large. + +![[Quran 3-19.png]] + +>"Indeed, the religion in the sight of Allah is Islam." (Quran 3:19) + +Islam is fundamentally a **monotheistic** faith that teaches that: +- There is no god but Allah, the One and Only, eternal and absolute +- Muhammad (PBUH) is His final Messenger in a long line of prophets +- Human beings are created by Allah to worship Him and live according to His guidance +- Life is a test, and the ultimate goal is success in the Hereafter through righteous living + +Every religion in the world has been named either after its founder or the nation it was born it. +- Christianity takes its name from its prophet Jesus Christ +- Buddhism from its founder, Gautama Buddha +- Zoroastrianism from its founder Zoroaster (Zarathushtr) +- Judaism from the name of the tribe Judah (of the country of Judea) where it originated + +Islam does not have any association in name with the Prophet Muhammad or the people of Arabia. It is a universal religion, and its purpose is to cultivate in every man the attributes of Islam (obedience, submission). + +Islam is the natural religion of man. It is not associated with a person, people, place, or period. It is the way of nature. In every age and in every nation among every people, all God-fearing men have believed and preached this religion. Therefore, they were all Muslims irrespective of whether they called themselves that or not. Whatever they taught was also Islam. + +Islam is not just a religion in the narrow sense but a comprehensive way of life encompassing +- Moral guidance (honesty, justice, compassion) +- Social structure (family, gender rights, community welfare) +- Legal framework (contracts, crime, governance) +- Spiritual development (purification of the soul, remembrance of God) + +## Related Ideas + + +## References +[[Towards Understanding Islam — Syed Abul A'la Muadudi]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Doctrine of Risalat.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Doctrine of Risalat.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..bb9e6853e --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Doctrine of Risalat.md @@ -0,0 +1,40 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +Belief in Allah's prophets is one of the articles of faith in Islam. The doctrine of Risalat is the belief that Allah sends his divine guidance to mankind through appointed messengers called Rasools. The word prophet (Nabi) means someone who is very near to Allah and receives revelation from him, while a prophet who receives an entire scripture (or Shariah) is a messenger (Rasool). + +> "Risalat is the institution through which Allah communicates His guidance to humanity by selecting certain individuals (Rasools and Anbiya) who receive divine revelation and serve as practical models and authoritative interpreters of God’s will." — Syed Abu A'la Muadudi + +## Etymology of Risalat +The word Rasool comes from the triliteral root ر س ل (Ra-Seen-Laam). This root forms the semantic base for words related to sending, dispatching, and delivering a message. + +Throughout history, Allah has sent prophets to various nations with His divine guidance. The prophets were not just messengers but also ideals to strive for. Their lives were practical examples for their followers. + +![[Quran 10-47.png]] + +>"And for every nation there is a messenger." (Quran 10:47) + +The Quran doesn't reveal all the prophets that have been sent throughout history, but it does mention a few prophets: +- Adam +- Nuh (Noah) +- Ibrahim (Abraham) +- Musa (Moses) +- Yunus (Jonah) +- Isa (Jesus) + +For a Muslim, all of these prophets are to be respected equally; the Quran itself makes no distinctions between them. + +![[Pasted image 20250630184348.png]] + +>"We make no distinction between any of His messengers." Quran (2:285) + +All of the prophets sent by Allah were men, who had wives, children, and were mortal. Disbelievers argued that if Allah wanted to guide men he should've sent angels. To this the Quran responds with. + +![[Pasted image 20250630185930.png]] + +>"Say, 'If there were upon the earth angels walking in peace and quiet, We would have sent down to them from the heavens an angel as a messenger.'" + +While all of the messengers of Allah came with [[Belief in the revealed books in Islam|revelation]] for their own people and their own era, the Prophet Muhammad and his revelation is meant to be universal. This is why the Quran is the final and complete revelation from Allah and Muhammad is the [[Finality of Prophethood|final prophet]]. + +## References +[[Towards Understanding Islam — Syed Abul A'la Muadudi]] +Islamiyat — Farkhanda Noor Muhammad \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Finality of Prophethood.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Finality of Prophethood.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..11567c682 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Finality of Prophethood.md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +The Prophet Muhammad is the final prophet of Islam and the seal of prophets (Khatam-un-Nabiyyin). This means that the revelation and Sharia he brought is final, and there will be no more prophets after him. + +This is supported by evidence in both the Quran and Hadiths. + +## Evidence from the Quran + +![[Quran 33-40.png]] + +>"Muhammad is not the father of any one of your men, but the Messenger of Allah and the seal of the prophets. (Quran 33:40) + +![[Quran 5-3.png]] + +>"This day I have perfected for you your religion, and completed My favour upon you, and have chosen for you Islam as your religion." (Quran 5:3) + +This verse clearly states that Allah's message is complete, and there is no need for any new prophet or book. + +## Evidence from Hadiths + +### The "Brick in the Wall" Hadith +>"My likeness among the prophets before me is that of a man who built a house, completed it, and made it beautiful, except for a space of one brick in the corner. I am that brick, and I am the Seal of the Prophets (Khatam al-Nabiyyin)." — Sahih al-Bukhari + +This hadith states that the Prophet is the final link in a long chain of prophets. He has finally completed that chain, and there will be no prophets after him. + +### The "Thirty Liars" Hadith +>"There will arise thirty liars (dajjaloon) among my Ummah, each one of them claiming that he is a prophet. But I am the Seal of the Prophets, and there is no prophet after me." — Abu Dawood + +This hadith states that anyone claiming to be a prophet after Muhammad would be a liar because he is the final prophet and Allah will send no prophet after him. + +Faith in the finality of the prophet is required by every Muslim, otherwise, his faith would be incomplete. If a person believes in a prophet after Muhammad, that person would be denying the teachings of Muhammad and the guidance of Allah, and hence would be a Kafir. + +## References +[[Towards Understanding Islam — Syed Abul A'la Muadudi]] +Islamiyat — Farkhanda Noor Muhammad \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Islamic Culture and Civilization.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Islamic Culture and Civilization.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a894f4f69 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Islamic Culture and Civilization.md @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] [[culture]] + +Islamic culture, encompassing customs, traditions, and societal norms, is rooted in the teachings of Islam and the Quran. It's a diverse and dynamic culture shaped by the global Muslim community (umma). Islamic civilization refers to the rich and diverse cultural, scientific, and socio-political developments that emerged from the Islamic world, particularly from the 7th century onwards + +--- + +## Art +Islamic art is traditionally non-representational, except for the widespread use of plant forms, usually in varieties of the spiralling arabesque. These are often combined with Islamic calligraphy and geometric patterns. +### Calligraphy +Islamic calligraphy is the artistic practice of handwriting and calligraphy, based upon the alphabet in the lands sharing a common Islamic cultural heritage. It includes Arabic Calligraphy, Ottoman, and Persian calligraphy. It is known in Arabic as khatt Islami (خط اسلامي), meaning Islamic line, design, or construction. +### Architecture +Islamic architecture is the range of architectural styles of buildings associated with Islam. It encompasses both secular and religious styles from the early history of Islam to the present day. Early Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine, Persian and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries. Further east, it was also influenced by Chinese and Indian architecture as Islam spread to the Southeast Asia. The principal Islamic architectural types for large or public buildings are: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. +### Literature +The Arabic word used for literature is "Adab", which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and which implies politeness, culture and enrichment. Arabic literature emerged in the 5th century with only fragments of the written language appearing before then. The Qur'an had the greatest lasting effect on Arabic culture and its literature which flourished during the Islamic Golden Age. + +--- + +## Islamic Economics +Islamic economics refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings. Islam has a set of specific moral norms and values about individual and social economic behavior. Therefore, it has its own economic system, which is based on its philosophical views and is compatible with the Islamic organization of other aspects of human behavior: social and political systems. + +The Islamic economic system entails the rules of transacting finance or other economic activity in a Shari'a compliant manner (manner conforming to Quran and sunnah). +### Fiqh and Islamic economics +Islamic Fiqh (religious law) has developed several traditional concepts having to do with economics. These include: +- Zakat – the "charitable taxing of certain assets, such as currency, gold, or harvest, and allocating these taxes to eight expenditures that are also explicitly defined in the Quran, such as aid to those in need. + 1. the poor + 2. the needy + 3. zakat admins + 4. preaching of Islam + 5. slaves + 6. debt + 7. travellers + 8. cause of Allah + +- Gharar—"uncertainty". The sale of what is not present currently, in a contract is prohibited. +- Riba—referred to as usury (interest) is also prohibited. +### Trade and Commerce +In Islam, trade is generally permissible and even encouraged as a means of earning a livelihood, but it must adhere to specific ethical guidelines. +- Ethical Practices: Islam promotes honest dealings, fair prices, and transparency in business transactions. +- Mutual Consent: Transactions should be based on the free will and consent of both parties involved. +- Avoiding Harm: Trading should not involve activities that harm individuals or society, such as selling forbidden goods or engaging in exploitative practices. + +--- + +## Science, Knowledge and Learning +Many Muslims agree that doing science is an act of religious merit, even a collective duty of the Muslim community. Many verses of the Quran ask mankind to study nature, and this has been interpreted to mean an encouragement for scientific inquiry, and the investigation of the truth. + +>"Travel throughout the earth and see how He brings life into being" (Quran 29:20) + +>"Behold in the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are indeed signs for men of understanding ..." (Qran 3:190) + +Muslim scholars have developed a spectrum of viewpoints on science within the context of Islam. Scientists of medieval Muslim civilization (e.g. Ibn al-Haytham) contributed to the new discoveries in science. From the eighth to fifteenth century, Muslim mathematicians and astronomers furthered the development of mathematics. + +Islamic scientific achievements encompassed a wide range of subject areas: +- medicine +- mathematics +- [[astronomy]] +- agriculture +- physics +- economics +- engineering +- optics +### Contributions in the Golden Age of Islam +The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century. Al-Khwarizmi (math), Ibn Sina (medicine), Al-Biruni (comparative religion), Ibn al-Haytham (astronomy). +### Graeco-Arabic translation movement +The Graeco-Arabic translation movement was a large, well-funded, and sustained effort responsible for translating a significant volume of secular Greek texts into Arabic. The translation movement took place in Baghdad from the mid-eighth century to the late tenth century. + +--- + +## Justice and Social Welfare +The most common term for the word “justice” in Arabic is 'adl'. The opposite meaning is injustice (jawr). Justice in the Qur’anic context is about conforming to the divine law and being obedient to God. Justice in the Qur’an has no room for discrimination based on color, race, or gender. Qur’anic justice is a moral virtue and a legal concept. These two dimensions of justice—justice towards oneself and justice towards others—are two sides of the same coin, so should not be separated. +### Justice +Fiqh is the term for Islamic jurisprudence. Fiqh is often described as the human understanding, research and practices of the sharia (human understanding of the divine Islamic law as revealed in the Quran and the sunnah). Fiqh expands and develops Shariah through interpretation (ijtihad) of the Quran and Sunnah. +### Social Welfare +In Islamic tradition, the idea of social welfare has been presented as one of its principal values and the practice of social service at its various forms has been instructed and encouraged. A Muslim's religious life remains incomplete if not attended by service to humanity. +1. **Economic welfare** + - Sadaqah means voluntary charity which is given out of compassion, love, friendship (fraternity), religious duty, or generosity. + - Zakat is a form of compulsory alms-giving, and a religious obligation for those Muslims who are financially affluent.They are required to pay one-fortieth (2.5%) of their total income or money each year to those Muslims who are poor and helpless. +2. **Rights of various groups** + - Rights of the parents and relatives + - Rights of the neighbors + - Rights of children + - Rights of the minorities + +--- + +## Ethics and Morality in Islam +In Islam, morality is primarily based on the Quran and the Hadith. It includes kindness (to people and animals), charity, forgiveness, honesty, patience, justice, respecting parents and elders, keeping promises, and controlling one's anger, love of God and those God loves, love of his messenger (Muhammad) and of believers. + +The "basic aim" of Islamic morality and ethics is "to achieve" Raza-e Ilahi (the Pleasure of God)". + +--- + +## Political System in Islam +The Islamic political system revolves around the concept of governance guided by Islamic law (Sharia) and principles derived from the Quran and Sunnah. Key themes include the sovereignty of God, the importance of justice and consultation (shura), and the role of the ruler in upholding Islamic values. + +The conceptions of _caliphate_ (the state), _sharia_ (the law), and _ummah_ (the nation of Islam) has dominated the Islamic political literature. +### Shura (Consultation) +An important Islamic concept concerning the structure of ruling is the consultation (shūrā) with people regarding their affair. +### Caliphate +The Caliph is the supreme political and spiritual authority. + +---- + +## Mind Map + +![[islamic civilization and culture mindmap.excalidraw|800]] + +## Related Ideas + + +## References +[Islamic culture, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_culture) +[Islamic economics, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_economics) +[Islamic_attitudes_towards_science, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science) +[Islamic Golden Age, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age) +[Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeco-Arabic_translation_movement) +[More Than Just Law: The Idea of Justice in the Qur’an](https://yaqeeninstitute.org/read/paper/the-idea-of-justice-in-the-quran) +[Fiqh, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiqh) +[Political_aspects_of_Islam, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam) +[Islam_and_humanity, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam_and_humanity) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Muslim world and its contemporary challenges.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Muslim world and its contemporary challenges.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..311950c4f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Muslim world and its contemporary challenges.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +## Internal Challenges +### Intellectual crisis and stagnation +Most Muslim governments fail to prioritize general (secular) education. High illiteracy rates from Indonesia to Algeria. Rational sciences still based on Greek models; modern sciences largely ignored. +- According to the World Bank (2023), the average literacy rate in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) countries is approximately **70%**, compared to over **90%** in developed countries. +- In Afghanistan the situation is even worse where 80% of school-aged girls are out of school, primarily due to Taliban-imposed restrictions (UNICEF, 2024). +- Muslim-majority countries lag in scientific research output. As per the UNESCO Science Report (2021), OIC nations contribute **less than 2%** of the world’s scientific publications despite comprising nearly **25%** of the global population. + +### Political disunity of Muslim world +Saudi Arabia claims religious authority via Mecca, Medina, and Hajj. Shia Iran and other sects challenge this claim. Economic power of Saudi Arabia supports its religious dominance, but oil wealth is finite. Fruthermore, many Muslim countries suffer from political instability, civil wars, and foreign interventions. +- **Syria (2011–present)**: Over 500,000 deaths and 13.5 million displaced (UNHCR, 2024). +- **Yemen (2015–present)**: Civil war between Houthi rebels and a Saudi-led coalition. 23.4 million people require humanitarian aid, including 12 million children (UN OCHA, 2024). +- **Palestine (Ongoing)**: Over 37,000 deaths in Gaza since October 2023 due to Israeli military operations (UN Human Rights Office, early 2024). + +### Sectarianism and Intra-Muslim Divisions +There is a rise in intra-ummah fragmentation. Extremists resist pluralism and dynamic jurisprudence and accuse the opposite sect of apostasy (takfir) which further fuels violence among Sunni and Shia communities. Most intra-sectarian debates are aimed at defending sectarian superiority rather than seeking truth or unity. +- Iran and Saudi Arabia support opposing sides in conflicts like **Yemen**, **Lebanon**, and **Syria**. +- Internal divisions have also intensified in **Pakistan**, **Iraq**, and weakening social cohesion. + +### Fundamentalism, extremism and terrorism +While the literal meaning of Jihad is "struggle" (primarily spiritual, sometimes defensive military action under strict rules), extremist groups misuse the term to justify violence. Groups like **ISIS**, **Al-Qaeda**, and **Boko Haram** has cost tens of thousands of lives and damaged Islam’s image globally. + +This in turn leads to **Islamophobia and discrimination** of Muslims around the world. Public misperceptions link Islam with violence; educational films help counter this narrative. + +Islam has also been criticized regarding **women's rights**, however, the oppression of women in some Muslim societies is due patriarchal cultural practices rather than Islamic teachings. + +The Shariah law is commonly misrepresented as a rigid, violent legal system. Rise of anti-Muslim sentiment has led to laws and policies targeting Muslims (e.g., anti-sharia legislation). + +### Economic underdevelopment and poverty +The rich Gulf states show lavish spending while there is prevalent proverty in other Muslim regions. There is a plague of massive unemployment, urbanization, and poor redistribution of wealth due to lack of intra-ummah economic solidarity. +- Youth unemployment in MENA is over **25%**—the highest globally (World Bank, 2024). +- Intra-OIC trade constitutes only **7-10%** of total trade, highlighting weak economic cooperation. + +Most of the wealth flows to Western economies due to better infrastructure and stability. + +--- + +## External Challenges + +### Globalization +National interests of many Muslim countries outweigh pan-Islamic unity. Muslim states are divided in their geopolitical orientations. Some states (Malaysia, Pakistan) are pro-West while others (Iran, Libya) are anti-West. This lack of ideological alignment impedes collective action on global issues. + +### Cultural erosion and challenges of Muslim identity in the West +Muslim communities often struggle to balance Islamic identity with integration into Western societies. Building mosques in Western cities has sometimes led to public opposition rooted in fear or misunderstanding. +- Second and third-generation Muslims in the West often experience identity confusion, oscillating between cultural traditions and assimilation. + +### Economic Challenges +#### Economic dependency on the West +Islamic world heavily reliant on the West for technology. +- The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates) depend heavily on oil exports, with over 80-90% of their revenue coming from hydrocarbons (World Bank, 2023). +- Most capital is invested in Western economies which leads to wealth drain. +- Less than 1% of oil revenues are then invested in R&D. +#### Debt crisis and financial instability +Countries like Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and Lebanon are on the brink of a severe debt crisis. +The crisis stems from rising public debt, global economic challenges, and the withdrawal of unconditional support from wealthy Gulf countries. The crisis threatens economic growth and sociopolitical stability in the region. +- In Egypt, public debt exceeds **93% of GDP**, and external debt hit $165 billion in 2023 ([[International Monetary Fund and Structural adjustment programs (SAPs)|IMF]] Fiscal Monitor, April 2023). + +## Mind Map + +![[contemporary challenges faced by islam and muslims mindmap.excalidraw|800]] + +## Related Ideas +[[Islamic Culture and Civilization]] + +## References +[Contemporary Issues on Islam](https://acmcu.georgetown.edu/teaching-resources-contemporary-issues-on-islam/#:~:text=This%20page%20includes%20annotated%20teaching%20resources%20related,contemporary%20world%20and%20Muslim%20majority%20regions%2C%20etc.&text=These%20groups%20characterize%20Islam%20as%20a%20fascist,totalitarian%20system%20rather%20than%20a%20world%20religion.) +[Islam and Contemporary Issues](https://www.irenees.net/bdf_fiche-defis-252_en.html#:~:text=There%20is%20great%20need%20to%20improve%20situation,pertain%20to%20marriage%2C%20divorce%20and%20women%27s%20rights.&text=Also%2C%20Islamic%20world%20today%20is%20torn%20with,come%20to%20be%20known%20as%20%27jihadi%20culture%27.) +[Islam and its Challenges in the Modern World](https://www.iium.edu.my/deed/articles/challenge.html) +[Parts of the Middle East and North Africa stand at the brink of a debt crisis]([Debt Clouds over the Middle East by Adnan Mazarei](https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2023/09/debt-clouds-over-the-middle-east-adnan-mazarei#:~:text=Egypt,%20Jordan,%20and%20Tunisia%20are%20in%20a%20precarious,crises%20in%20the%20world,%20is%20a%20cautionary%20tale.)) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Sources of Islamic Law.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Sources of Islamic Law.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..038e9321f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/Sources of Islamic Law.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +In Islamic jurisprudence, Shari’a is considered to make rules for every aspect of life, whether economic, social, or religious. The primary sources of Shari’a are the Quran and Sunnah. The secondary sources are: +- Ijma (Consensus) +- Qiyas (Analogical Reasoning) +- Istihsan (Equity in Islamic Law) +- Maslahah Mursalah (Public Interest) +- Urf (Custom) +- Sadd al-Dhara’i (Blocking the Means) +- Ijtihad (Critical Thinking) + +## Quran +The Quran, the holy text of Muslims and the word of God, is the primary source of Islamic law. The Quran when revealed addressed the needs of the time as well as providing solutions to different problems that arose at the time. + +## Sunnah +Sunnah is also considered a primary source of Islamic law. The Sunnah contains three elements; sayings, deeds (collectively called Ahadith) and approval of others’ acts by the Prophet. + +## Ijma (Consensus of Opinion) +Ijma is defined as an agreement among the Muslim jurists in a particular age on a question of law. Ijma and the other sources of law are to be used only when there is no clear guideline or explicit rule in Quran and Sunnah on the matter under consideration. Ijma is acceptable only when there is a general agreement among Muslim jurists/scholars, and this agreement is applicable only to secular matters. An Ijma among the jurists cannot change fundamental rituals and rules of worship. + +## Qiyas (Analogical Deduction) +Qiyas is the fourth source of Shari’a, and it is used only when a matter has never been discussed under the above mentioned three sources. It is a process of deducing a rule from the earlier sources. + +## Related Ideas +[[Islamic Culture and Civilization]] + +## References +[Sources of Islamic Law](https://islamiclabourcode.org/sources-of-islamic-law/) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/The Doctrine of Tawhid in Islam.md b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/The Doctrine of Tawhid in Islam.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..470e27670 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Islamic Studies/The Doctrine of Tawhid in Islam.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +[[Islamic Studies]] [[religion]] + +The doctrine of Tawhid (Oneness of Allah) is the most important article of faith in Islam. It means that there is no god but Allah, and He is the supreme Being, the highest authority, and the only one worthy of worship. + +## Etymology of Tawhid +Tawhid comes from the triliteral root و ح د (Wa-Ḥa-Daal). This root carries the general meaning of oneness, unity, and singularity. + +## Tawhid in the Quran +The concept of Tawhid can be best understood from the verses of Surah Ikhlas (The Sincerity). + +![[Quran 112-1-4.png|300]] + +>Say, He is Allah, the One and Only. +>Allah, the Eternal. +>He neither begets, nor is He begotten. +>Nor is there any equivalent of Him. +>(Quran 112:1-4) + +This Surah states that there is only one God, who is Allah. He has always been and always will be (eternal). It states that He was not born, nor does He give birth to any entity, and that there are no equivalents to Allah. This means that there are no parents, children, siblings, or partners of Allah. He is the only one who has power over all existence. +## Tawhid in Hadiths + +### The Right of Allah Upon His Servants +>"The right of Allah upon His slaves is that they should worship Him alone and not associate anything with Him." — Sahih al-Bukhari + +### Whoever Dies Without Shirk +>"Whoever dies while associating nothing with Allah, will enter Paradise." — Sahih al-Bukhari + +Tawhid requires that a person not only have faith in the oneness of Allah but also in Allah's attributes—having faith in the fact that Allah is the only absolute authority, faith that Allah is omniscient and omnipotent, and faith that one day Allah will judge us all. + +A person who worships other gods besides Allah commits *shirk,* which is a grave sin and unpardonable. A person who does not believe in Allah or His oneness at all commits *Kufr*. + +## Logical argument for the Oneness of Allah +If a person believes in a higher existence, or Allah for that matter, it would be a logical conclusion that there is only one God that controls all of existence. If there were multiple gods, then there would be arguments and confusion on how best to run the intricate machinery of the universe. This would only result in chaos. The fact that the universe is not chaos but an orderly system proves that there is only one master behind it. + +Even the Quran mentions this argument. + +![[Quran 21-22.png]] + +>"Had there been gods besides Allah within the heavens and earth, they both would have been ruined." (Quran 21:22) + +## Importance of Tawhid in a person's life +If a person believes in the oneness of Allah and believes that He is the only one worthy of obedience and worship, then he will not subjugate himself to others. He will stand up tall, have respect for himself, and will not bow in front of anyone. This provides a person with a certain kind of confidence and self-worth. + +## References +[[Towards Understanding Islam — Syed Abul A'la Muadudi]] +Islamiyat — Farkhanda Noor Muhammad \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Article 370 Removal — Kashmir Issues.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Article 370 Removal — Kashmir Issues.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0be8b9654 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Article 370 Removal — Kashmir Issues.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +[[international relations]] [[Pakistan Affairs]] + +According to Article 370 of the Indian constitution, the Indian-administered region of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) was granted special status. It had selective autonomy, meaning it could have its own constitution separate from the Indian constitution. It also allowed the region to manage its own affairs except for foreign affairs, defense, and communications. + +There was also another article called Article 35A, which defined what a Kashmiri resident is. This meant that no outsiders were allowed to purchase property in Kashmir or participate in Kashmir's bureaucracy. + +But in 2019, both these articles were abrogated by a presidential order, and now Kashmir is a territory of the Indian Union. + +Technically, Article 370 had a clause in it that allowed for its removal. The clause stated that the Article could cease to exist with a presidential order in consultation with the constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, but the constituent assembly didn't exist, which meant that the powers of J&K's assembly were transferred to the Indian parliament. So the parliament of India could make the decision of the removal of Article 370, and that is what it did. + +The removal of both Article 370 and Article 35A means that Jammu and Kashmir cannot have a separate constitution and assembly now, and that other Indians can purchase property and land in the region, and become part of the bureucracy. + +## Critiques against the removal of Article 370 +1. This decision was undemocratic. This decision was made behind the Kashmiris' backs. Hundreds of troops were sent into Kashmir to counter possible unrest, Kashmiri politicians were under house arrest, a curfew was implemented, and internet and communications were shut down. +2. This decision was unconstitutional. The state assembly was dissolved, and the decision was made using an opportunistic loophole. +3. Removal of the article gives Kashmir no reason to remain connected to India. The Kashmir issue could now be raised again in the United Nations Security Council (which it was after Pakistan did so again). +4. Kashmir has now become an Indian military occupied state. + +Another important decision was to make Jammu and Kashmir into one union territory and Ladakh into another. This demotes the region of Kashmir from a special state to not even a state but a union territory. A state is autonomous, but a union territory is controlled by the central government. + +## Consequences +While the justification behind the removal of the article was that Kashmir would be better able to integrate with India, doing so in a non-democratic and unconstitutional way only led to more regional and ethnic tensions. Since the Kashmiri people themselves didn't want to integrate with India, the removal of the article achieved nothing. Instead, this only led to more terrorism in the region. + +Ever since the decision was made, Jammu and Kashmir has remained either in a partial or full lockdown. The internet has been shut down various times, and the local tourism and economy have gotten much worse. + +## Related Ideas +[[The Kashmir Issue and Article 370]] +[[The history of Article 370 — Kashmir Issues]] + +## References +[Article 370 Removal: Right or Wrong? | Explained by Dhruv Rathee](https://youtu.be/1OMIORV7OH0?si=HkukK3Bku1KvGUgZ) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Attempts at alliances by Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Attempts at alliances by Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a0d6cf276 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Attempts at alliances by Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +[[pakistan's foreign policy]] [[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +Pakistan is honestly a very inasupicious country, and it's not because of its people. Yes, corruption is prevalent and nobody really cares about the well-being of others, but that's not the main reason for its stagnation. No, Pakistan is just generally down on its luck. It has been like this since its inception and it will remain like this for the foreseeable future. + +Let's start with the day of its birth: August 14, 1947. This is not really the day it gained independence. Pakistan achieved independence on August 15, 1947, the same day as India, when the British finally decided to leave. But Pakistanis, in their obsession of a separate identity, decided to celebrate one day early. I wonder what would have happened if, after the Pakistanis had already celebrated, the British had decided not to leave. How traumatic would that have been? + +After the British left and the two countries were divided, it was time to distribute their equal shares of assets from the accounts of the united British India. But India, obsessed with destabilizing Pakistan so that it could later reassimilate it, decided not to give Pakistan its fair share. Pakistan didn't receive the money it was owed, nor did it receive its share of weapons and military assets. So the country basically started out as a Charles Dickens character. Naturally, to survive, it had to beg others for help. And this was the start of the begging cycle that Pakistan has been on ever since. Thanks, India. + +The other lame move that India made was cutting off water to the rivers Ravi and Sutlej. This severely crippled Pakistan's irrigation and agriculture. This was power projection on India's part and left Pakistan totally insecure regarding its national security and sovereignty. Four of the five rivers that flow into Pakistan originate in India, so India could cut off access to fresh water at any time and leave Pakistan to dry. Pakistan had to somehow ensure that this never happened again (enter ISI and terrorist campaigns in India). + +And then there is the ever lasting issue of Kashmir. Neither side wants to relinquish its claim to Kashmir. Meanwhile, the Kashmiris themselves want to be part of neither country and desire their own independence. Pakistan is unwilling to cede it because of its rivers. India is unwilling to cede it because it would provide Pakistan with a strategic advantage, granting access to major Indian cities. Pakistan and India have thus far had four conflicts over Kashmir, and it remains a disputed territory. + +Due to the ever looming threat of a bigger and more dominant nation, and the fact that Pakistan was basically broke, its founding elites decided to design their foreign policy in a way so as to gain maximum financial and military support from other countries. + +## Candidate 1 – USSR +The Soviet Union was a communist state, and while at the time its internal economic development and rapid industrialization was inspiring for Pakistan, they didn't like the Soviet Union's suppression of religion, nor did they prefer the extreme control communism had over its subjects. Not to mention, it wasn't that long ago that the Soviet Union was on its own expansionist drive, and Pakistan was fearful that the Soviets were hungry for access to the Arabian Sea (them invading Afghanistan didn't really help either). So no. No relations with them. + +## Candidate 2 – Middle East +Most of these countries were broke at the time as well. Pakistan still wanted to develop relationships with other Muslim countries due to the obsession regarding "the ummah", but the Arabs were racist and didn't like non-Arab Muslims. + +## Candidate 3 – UK +The British hated Pakistan because it broke their dream of a united India. + +## Candidate 4 – America +The only real option Pakistan had at the time was the strong, independent, anti-communist nation of America. Pakistan wanted money and military aid, and America wanted allies in South Asia to defend the oil rich Middle East from Soviet expansion. Hence, a very toxic symbiotic relationship was formed, where neither trusted the other, but they did somewhat need each other. + +## References +[[Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947-2019) — Abdul Sattar]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/BRICS.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/BRICS.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..adacaebcc --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/BRICS.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +BRICS is an intergovernmental organization comprising ten countries – Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran and the United Arab Emirates. Established in 2009 + +Originally there were only five members: Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, hence the name BRICS. But now since, Egypt, Ethiopia, Indonesia, Iran, and the UAE have joined it has become BRICS+ (2024). + +## Objectives +The objectives of BRICS include strengthening economic, political, and social cooperation among its members, as well as increasing the influence of Global South countries in international governance. BRICS was originally intended as a grouping of rapidly growing economies that could dominate the global economy by 2050. It aimed to create a geopolitical bloc to counterbalance Western-dominated global institutions like the IMF and World Bank. + +## Economic Initiatives +### New Development Bank +This New Development Bank (NDB) began operating in July 2014, with founding BRICS members having pooled $100 billion as the bank’s authorized capital. Each founding BRICS member holds an equal stake in the NDB and contributes an equal share to the bank’s assets. + +Alongside the NDB, BRICS launched the Contingency Reserve Agreement (CRA), meant to provide countries experiencing economic strain with liquid currency. (Kamiati) + +## Challenges +BRICS faces several challenges, including internal rifts, balancing national interests with collective goals, and the potential for increased geopolitical tensions. The group also grapples with defining its expansion strategy and clarifying its objectives for the Global South. + +## Mind Map + +![[brics mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Related Ideas + + +## References +[BRICS, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRICS) +[BRICS *Britannica*](https://www.britannica.com/topic/BRICS) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Belt and Road Inititative (BRI).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Belt and Road Inititative (BRI).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5e79c6660 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Belt and Road Inititative (BRI).md @@ -0,0 +1,63 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +The Belt and Road Initiative is a global infrastructure development strategy adopted by the government of China in 2013 to invest in more than 150 countries and international organizations. The BRI is composed of six urban development land corridors linked by road, rail, energy, digital infrastructure, and the Maritime Silk Road linked by the development of ports. + +## Objectives +The Belt and Road Initiative addresses an "infrastructure gap" and thus has the potential to accelerate economic growth across the Asia Pacific, Africa and Central and Eastern Europe. + +The project identifies five significant priorities: +- Coordination of policy +- Infrastructure connectivity +- Unhindered trade +- Economic integration +- Human connectivity + +## Infrastructure networks (Land Corridors) + +### CPEC (China-Pakistan Economic Corridor) +[[Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan]] + + +### The New Eurasian Land Bridge + + +### The China–Mongolia–Russia Economic Corridor + + +### The China–Central Asia–West Asia Corridor + + +### The China-Indochina Peninsula economic corridor + + +### The Trans-Himalayan Multi-dimensional Connectivity Network + + +## Silk Road Economic Belt +The "belt" includes countries on the original Silk Road through Central Asia, West Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. The initiative would create a cohesive economic area by building both hard infrastructure such as rail and road links and soft infrastructure such as trade agreements and a common commercial legal structure with a court system to police the agreements. + +## Maritime Silk Road (Sea Corridor) +The "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", or just the Maritime Silk Road, is the sea route 'corridor. It is a complementary initiative aimed at investing and fostering collaboration in Southeast Asia, Oceania and Africa through several contiguous bodies of water: the South China Sea, the South Pacific Ocean, and the wider Indian Ocean area + +## Challenges +High loans and high cost of BRI projects for developing countries + +Long delays in projects + +US Indo Pacific + +Non-renewable energy projects cuasing climate issues. + +## Mind Map + +![[belt and road initiative mindmap.excalidraw|800]] + +## Related Ideas +[[Pakistan and China relations]] +[[Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan]] +[[US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Pak–US relations]] + +## References +[Belt and Road Initiative, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative) +[How China’s Belt and Road Initiative is changing](https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2023/10/17/how-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-is-changing) +[China’s Massive Belt and Road Initiative](https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative#chapter-title-0-4) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/CSS Pakistan Affairs Topic Frequency (questions from 2016–2024).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/CSS Pakistan Affairs Topic Frequency (questions from 2016–2024).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..afe8a5879 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/CSS Pakistan Affairs Topic Frequency (questions from 2016–2024).md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +### High-Frequency Topics (Most Recurring) + +| Theme | Sub-topics | Years Appeared | +| ------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | +| **Constitutional & Political System** | 1973 Constitution, 18th Amendment, Federalism, Civil-Military Relations, Dynastic Politics, Judicial Role | 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 | +| **Democracy & Governance** | Democratization, Political Stability, National Integration, Political Culture, Feudalism, Elites | 2024, 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2017, 2016 | +| **Pre-Partition Muslim Identity & Leaders** | Two-Nation Theory, 1937 Elections, Quaid-e-Azam, Aligarh Movement, Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Waliullah | 2024, 2023, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2016 | +| **Foreign Policy / IR** | US-Pakistan, China, Russia, CPEC, Afghanistan, SCO, Kashmir, Post-9/11 Foreign Policy | 2023, 2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016 | +| **National Integration / Ethnic Politics** | Ethnic grievances, Provincial Autonomy, Resource Distribution, East Pakistan, Nationalism | 2024, 2023, 2022, 2018, 2016 | +| **Global Warming & Environment** | Climate Change, Resource Management, Green Development | 2024, 2023, 2021 | +| **Energy & Resource Crises** | Energy Crisis, Natural Resources, Dams, Agriculture | 2023, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017 | + +### Medium-Frequency Topics (Occasional but Important) +|Theme|Sub-topics|Years Appeared| +|---|---|---| +|**Economic Development**|Industrialization, Youth bulge, Aid/Loans, Elite Capture, Food insecurity|2023, 2022, 2021, 2019| +|**War on Terror / Internal Security**|Non-state actors, 5th Generation Warfare, Proxy Wars, National Security|2021, 2020, 2018, 2016| +|**Education & HEC**|Research, Education Policy, Youth|2017, 2023| +|**Islamic Reform Movements**|Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi, Shah Waliullah|2024, 2020, 2016| + +### Low-Frequency Topics (Rare or One-Offs) +|Theme|Sub-topics|Years Appeared| +|---|---|---| +|**Mineral Resources**|Untapped Potential|2023| +|**Cultural Identity**|National Culture|2017| +|**Water Crisis / DAMS**|Delayed Dams, Suggestions|2019| +|**Foreign Policy Philosophy**|Ideology vs National Interest|2022| +|**Defense Pacts**|Western Alignment|2022 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Challenges and Opportunities in redefining Pak-US relations in a post-911 and post-Afghanistan context.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Challenges and Opportunities in redefining Pak-US relations in a post-911 and post-Afghanistan context.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..8c2234df8 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Challenges and Opportunities in redefining Pak-US relations in a post-911 and post-Afghanistan context.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +The Pakistan–United States relationship has historically been defined by strategic necessities rather than mutual convergence. From the Cold War alliances to the post-9/11 cooperation in the War on Terror, relations have remained transactional and security-focused. With the withdrawal of US forces from Afghanistan (2021), this relationship has entered a transitional phase, creating both challenges and opportunities for a more balanced, multi-dimensional relationship rooted in economic, technological, and regional cooperation. + +## Pak-US Relationship Timeline + +![[timeline of pak-us relations mindmap.excalidraw|300]] + +## Challenges in Redefining Pak–US Relations + +### Trust Deficit +US has concerns over Pakistan’s alleged "double dealing" during the War on Terror, while Pakistan harbors resentment over drone strikes, Bin Laden operation, and conditional aid (e.g., Kerry-Lugar Bill). +### Afghanistan Fallout +The US blames Pakistan for Taliban resurgence and regional instability but at the same time Pakistan faces spillover effects: TTP militancy, refugee influx, and border insecurity. +### US Indo-Pacific Strategy +US Indo-Pacific strategy prioritizes India as a counterweight to China. On the other hand Pakistan’s growing tilt toward China (CPEC, BRI) raises US suspicion. +### Aid Dependency Perception +The relationship between Pakistan and US is often framed in terms of financial assitance, not mutual respect. + +## Opportunities for Reset and Cooperation + +>"There are no permanent friends or enemies in international relations, only permanent interests." — Lord Palmerston + +### Counterterrorism Cooperation (2.0) +Despite mistrust, intelligence sharing and joint counterterrorism efforts remain vital as both TTP and other terror groups post a threat to both Pakistan and US's interests. +### Trade and Investment +Since the beginning, Pakistan's relation with the US has based on military and strategic alliance. But since 2021, Pakistan has been moving towards geoeocnomics, and with enough economic reforms, relations with US could be renewed based on trade and foreign investment. +### Regional Diplomacy & Mediation +Even though the US has withdrawn from Afghanistan, Pakistan could still serve as a mediator between Afghanistan and the US for developing diplomatic ties. Pakistan's ties with China, the Gulf, and the Middle East also gives it a unique reach. + +## Related Ideas +[[US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Pak–US relations]] +[[The ups and downs in Pakistan-US relations since the Cold War]] + +## References +[Pakistan got its way in Afghanistan. Now what?](https://www.economist.com/asia/2021/10/07/pakistan-got-its-way-in-afghanistan-now-what) +[Terrified Afghans flee to Pakistan as U.S. completes troop withdrawal](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jV493Sj4lkc) +[Pak-US ties in a changing international environment](https://tribune.com.pk/story/2322544/pak-us-ties-in-a-changing-international-environment) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Climate change in Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Climate change in Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..5934b642d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Climate change in Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Pakistan is ranked number 5th in the countries affected by extreme weather caused by climate change even thought Pakistan's greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are less than 1% of the world total. Pakistan faces severe issues due to climate change such as heatwaves, droughts, river and flash floods, landslides, and storms, including cyclones. + +## Effects of Climate Change +### Rising Temperatures +- Pakistan faces extreme rising temperatures due to overall global warming. Certain cities even report temparatures over 50°C. These conditions cause heatstroke, dehydration, and even death, especially among the elderly and laborers. +- The rising temperature also leads to the melting of glaciers in the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush. This leads to water shortages in glaciers, flooding rivers, and rising of sea levels which effect coastal areas. +### Floods +The catastrophic floods have claimed the lives of more than 1,100 and in total 33 million people have been affected. The devastating 2022 floods were in part driven by glaciers melting. +**Major Floods:** +- 2010 floods +- 2022 floods +These floods combined with erratic rainfalls and droughs cause the loss of agricultural yield and poverty in rural areas. +### Agriculture Loss and Food Security +High temperatures damages crops like wheat, cotton, and rice and causes the soil to lose its moisture more quickly which reduced overall crop yield. Livestock are also stressed due to increasing temperatures causing heatstrokes and death of cattle. +### Migration +This loss of land and agriculture has resulted in the migration of over 1 million people from these districts to urban centers like Karachi. Current migration patterns included 700,000 people a year moving from rural to urban environments. Larger estimates, including major displacements because of extreme weather, suggest as many as 20 million migrants from rural to urban communities since 2010. +### Rising Sea Levels +- Rising sea levels due to glacier melt increase the frequency and severity of tidal flooding in coastal areas like Karachi, Thatta, and Badin. +- Seawater is pushing inland into the Indus Delta, especially in southern Sindh. Saltwater intrusion increases soil salinity, making the land infertile for crops like rice, wheat, and sugarcane. Over 2 million acres of fertile land have been degraded due to seawater intrusion. This had destroyed farmland, and affected freshwater lakes. +### Damage to Ecosystem and Biodiversity +Extreme weather conditions, flooding, and sea intrusion also have effects on Pakistan's wildlife ecosystem. This effects cause many wild flora (mangroves) and fauna (fish) to die which leads to a decline in wildlife and an overall loss of biodiversity. + +## Mind Map + +![[climate change in pakistan mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +Paired with the surging inflation and the ongoing political turbulence in the country, climate change has the potential to create a catastrophic scenario. + +## Possible Solutions +### Reforestation programmes +Northern areas have suffered severe deforestation due to a lack of access to electricity and natural gas. The Billion-tree Tsunami campaign is a good start but needs to be scaled up in the long-term. +### Build dams in Thar to store rainwater +Storing rainwater for consumption, agriculture, and livestock will imrpove the living conditions of Sindh and also improve crop yield in the area. +### Switch to renewable energy sources. +Pakistan has massive potential for solar energy in Thar and hydropower in the north which can provide clean, cost-effective and uninterrupted energy. +### Deploy a proactive approach rather than a reactionary one. +Pakistan and its many authorities and departments usually react to a disaster once it has happened, instead of preparing for it beforehand. The proactive approach of preparedness and foresightedness will save much time, money and lives. +### Make climate change a priority in the development and political agenda +Climate change will influence every area of human and economic development and needs to be taken into account at every level. + +## Related Ideas + + +## References +[Climate Change in Pakistan, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Pakistan) +[Climate change triggers widespread Pakistan migration](https://www.aa.com.tr/en/environment/climate-change-triggers-widespread-pakistan-migration/1667231) +[How melting glaciers fueled Pakistan’s fatal floods](https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2022/8/30/23327341/pakistan-flooding-monsoon-melting-glaciers-climate-change) +[A few ways to combat climate change in Pakistan](https://www.dawn.com/news/1511555/a-few-ways-to-combat-climate-change-in-pakistan) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Constitutional development of Pakistan (1947–1973).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Constitutional development of Pakistan (1947–1973).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c271e4f06 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Constitutional development of Pakistan (1947–1973).md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ + +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[history]] + +```plantuml +@startuml + +:1947 - Independence & Govt of India Act 1935 (interim); +note right +- No constitution of its own +- Colonial legacy continued +- Lack of democratic clarity +end note + +:1956 - First Constitution enacted; +note right +- Political instability +- Frequent PM changes (7 PMs between 1947 and 1958). +- Continued East-West tension +- “One Unit” scheme (1955) to counter East Pakistan’s demographic dominance +end note + +:1958 - Martial Law by Ayub Khan; +note right +- Constitution suspended, assemblies dissolved +- Political parties banned +- Military becomes dominant political actor +end note + +:1962 - Second Constitution enforced; +note right +- Presidential system imposed +- Limited democracy ("Basic Democracies") +- Centralized authority +- Lack of representation +end note + +:1969 - Yahya Khan takes over; +note right +- Growing opposition +- Ayub resigns under pressure +- Failure of presidential system +end note + +--> :1970 - General Elections; +note right +- Awami League wins majority +- Power not transferred +- Political deadlock between East & West +end note + +:1971 - Fall of East Pakistan; +note right +- Language & ethnic alienation +- Military crackdown in East Pakistan +- Bangladesh created +end note + +:1973 - Third Constitution enacted; +note right +- Broad consensus +- Parliamentary & federal system +- Islamic provisions included +- Still issues with provincial autonomy +end note + +@enduml + +``` + +# References \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Economic challenges of Pakistan's and their possible solutions.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Economic challenges of Pakistan's and their possible solutions.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dc46e67c6 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Economic challenges of Pakistan's and their possible solutions.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ + +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[current affairs]] + +> "The economy of Pakistan is like a patient in the ICU — requiring urgent, consistent care, but suffering from misdiagnosis" — Dr. Ishrat Hussain, former Governor, SBP + +### Overview of Pakistan's Economic Situation +Pakistan's GDP growth remains volatile and below potential, oscillating between 2% and 4% in recent years. There is also an inflation crisis, especially in food and energy, which leads to scarcity for the population. On the other hand, Pakistan faces growing public debt due to low exports and high imports, alongside consistent IMF loans, which leads to economic vulnerability. + +### Key Economic Challenges + +**Chronic Fiscal Deficits** +- A fiscal deficit occurs when a country spends more than it earns in revenue in a given year. +- Pakistan's fiscal deficit stands at 2.4% of GDP (FY2025). +- One of the reasons is Pakistan's low tax-to-GDP ratio, which was projected to be 10.6% in 2025. + +**Balance of Payment Crisis** +- Persistent current account deficit sits at a $420 million deficit in (FY2025). +- Exports remain stagnant while imports are high due to energy and machinery needs. +- Pakistan relies heavily on remittances and borrowing to manage its current account. + +**Circular Debt and Energy Sector Crisis** +- Pakistan's circular debt is Rs. 2.4 trillion (FY2025). Everyone owes money to someone else, so the entire energy sector gets stuck. +- Inefficiencies in transmission, distribution, theft, and subsidies fuel the crisis. +- Frequent power shortages hurt the industry and, therefore, the overall economy. + +**Rising External Debt** +- Total external debt and liabilities reached $130 billion (State Bank of Pakistan, 2024). +- A major portion of Pakistan's budget (almost 45%) is used for debt servicing and paying back old loans. +- Pakistan relies heavily on the IMF, China, the World Bank, and Gulf countries, which erodes economic sovereignty. Everyone views us as broke ass beggars. + +**Tax Evasion and Low Revenue Generation** +- Narrow tax base: less than 1% of population pays income tax. +- Pakistan relies heavily on indirect taxes, such as sales tax (over 60%) which hurts the lower income class and increases inequality. + +**Inflation and Currency Devaluation** +- Pakistan's year on year inflation hit a record level of 36.5% in 2023. +- Rupee depreciation leads to increase in cost of imports. +- Purchaing power reduces which heavily effects the lower-income population. + +**Unemployment and Informal Economy** +- Youth unemployment remains high. Over 10% of the youth are unemployed which might not sound a lot until you realize that 60% of the population is under 30. +- Over 70% of workforce engaged in informal sector with no job security. + +**Agricultural Stagnation** +- Outdated techniques, water mismanagement, and climate change impacts. +- Low crop yields and farmer indebtedness. +- Poor supply chain infrastructure. + +**Low Investment and Industrial Productivity** +- Private sector reluctant due to political instability and poor law & order. +- Manufacturing sector shrinking. +- Weak export base and lack of value-added industries. + +### Recommendations to Address Pakistan’s Economic Challenges + +**Tax Reforms and Broadening the Tax Base** +- Implement progressive taxation to reduce inequality. +- Digitize FBR and curb corruption. +- Reduce informal taxes and make sure majority of the population pays income tax. + +**Export-Led Growth Strategy** +- Focus on value-added exports (textiles, IT services, agriculture) +- Decrease import dependency by investing in domestic industry. +- Expand trade relations beyond traditional partners (Central Asia, Africa, etc.) + +**Investment in Human Capital** +- Increase spending on education. Less than 2% of GDP is spent on education. +- Implement youth productivity and internship programs. + +**Agricultural Modernization** +- Invest in climate-resilient crops and irrigation infrastructure. +- Invest in modern machinery and farming techniques to boost agricultural output. +- Reduce middlemen and reform the agricultural supply chain between producers and consumers to reduce costs. + +**Special Economic Zones** +- SEZs can help develop light and heavy industries, reducing dependency on imports. +- Investment-friendly policies in SEZs can help attract foreign direct investment. +- SEZs in Balochistan and KPK can reduce regional economic disparities. + +# References +https://www.economicsobservatory.com/the-phoenix-that-never-rises-whats-holding-back-pakistans-economy +https://www.economist.com/asia/2022/07/28/pakistan-may-be-able-to-avoid-a-full-blown-economic-crisis +https://youtu.be/XNMW0yDRCCY?si=nTLCmEHxf4Np0z6Q +https://youtu.be/rXJZduDEFis?si=qW8mKkJUaVmSZJzG +https://youtu.be/G3um0-jT1L8?si=DOm5PXAbmwhCDM9P \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Energy crisis of Pakistan and ways to counter it.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Energy crisis of Pakistan and ways to counter it.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d965d293c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Energy crisis of Pakistan and ways to counter it.md @@ -0,0 +1,93 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[pakistan issues]] + +Energy is the lifeblood of any economy. Pakistan, despite its vast natural resources and potential for renewable energy, continues to face a chronic energy crisis that hinders its economic growth, industrial productivity, and public welfare. This crisis is due to power shortages, circular debt, and inefficient infrastructure. Tackling this multifaceted crisis requires a combination of structural reforms, investments in renewable energy, and strengthening institutions. + +### Causes of Energy Crises in Pakistan + +**Over-reliance on Imported Fossil Fuels** +- About 60-65% of Pakistan's total electrical energy is generated from fossil fuels like oil and gas. +- This leads to Pakistan importing huge amounts of fossil fuels, which strains foreign reserves (e.g., LNG imports from Qatar). +- Volatility in global oil prices leads to unpredictable electricity costs. + +**Circular Debt in the Energy Sector** +- Pakistan faces a crippling circular debt issue in its energy sector where the government owes money to power DISCOs (Distribution Companies, LESCO, K-Electric, etc.), and the DISCOs owe money to CPPA-G (Central Power Purchasing Agency - Guaranteed), which itself owes money to the IPPs (Independent Power Producers) and WAPDA. +- This is due to the government's inability to recover billing and stop electricity theft, which then leads to frequent power outages and load shedding. + +**Poor Power Distribution Infrastructure** +- Outdated grid infrastructure causes losses and frequent breakdowns. +- Total transmission and distribution loss stands at approximately 17% (against international standard of 6-8%). +- Load shedding itself disproportionately affects rural areas where there isn't adequate distribution of power. + +**Lack of Investment in Renewable Energy** +- While there is a vast potential for solar energy production (2.9 million MW), wind energy production (50,000 MW), and hydel (60,000 MW), only 3% of the energy comes from solar and wind. +- Bureaucratic hurdles and a lack of proper policies deter investors. + +**Inefficient Usage and Wastage** +- Energy inefficiency in domestic and industrial applications. +- Lack of an energy conservation culture. +- Buildings and transport remain poorly optimized for conservative energy use. + +**Climate Change Challenges** +- The second biggest source of energy in Pakistan is through hydel projects. +- But hydropower generation is threatened due to climate change effects such as glacier melting and erratic rainfall patterns. + +**Geopolitical and Environmental Challenges** +- Security concerns affect energy projects, such as the situation in Balochistan affecting CPEC sites. + +### Consequences of the Energy Crisis + +**Industrial Output Loss** +- Factories operate at below capacity due to frequent outages. +- Factories also have to pay heavy bills, which severely impacts their ability to make a profit, which in turn hinders their growth. + +**Unemployment** +- Due to low growth of industrial and agricultural sectors, and their low productivity, unemployment remains high, especially in rural areas. + +**Inflation** +- High costs of electricity also lead to higher costs in production, which leads to price hikes in all consumer products. + +### Solution to Counter Energy Crisis + +**Diversifying Energy Mix** +- Increasing the share of renewable energy production to at least 30% by 2030 could alleviate many of the problems Pakistan faces due to energy. +- Encouraging hybrid models like solar-wind, solar-gas in off-grid areas. + +**Reducing Circular Debt** +- Eliminate subsidies and shift to direct cash transfers. +- Improve recovery rates through smart metering and prepaid billing. +- Restructuring of DISCOs and performance-based privatization. + +**Upgrade Transmission and Distribution Infrastructure** +- Invest in smart grids and reduce losses via advanced metering infrastructure (AMI). +- Use GIS mapping and data analysis to detect high loss areas and automate energy response. + +**Encourage Private Sector and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)** +- Create a One-Stop operation for energy investors. +- Streamline regulatory approval so the process of getting a permit is easy for foreign investors. + +**Promote Energy Efficiency and Energy Conservation** +- Enforce energy conservation regulations in industries and buildings. +- Launch mass awareness campaigns for the general public. +- Encourage the adoption of LED and Direct Current motors to conserve energy in urban and residential areas. + +**Regional Energy Cooperation** +- Participate in regional projects like CASA-1000 to import 1000MW from Central Asia. +- Leverage CPEC energy corridor to diversify power projects.. + + + Diversification → Renewable Energy, Nuclear, Hydel + ↓ + Efficiency Reform → T&D Losses, Smart Grids, Subsidies + ↓ + Governance Reform → Policy Continuity, Institutional Coordination + ↓ + Regional Integration → CASA-1000, CPEC, LNG Imports + + +>_"Energy security is not a technical problem; it is a political choice."_ — **Daniel Yergin**, Energy Historian + +# References +https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/11/09/pakistans-government-is-fixing-a-power-shortage +https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2025/02/13/cheap-solar-power-is-sending-electrical-grids-into-a-death-spiral +https://www.economist.com/banyan/2012/05/21/power-politics +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EzvTHmGJBZ4 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy since 1947.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy since 1947.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..c7d89dfe2 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Evolution of Pakistan's foreign policy since 1947.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Pakistan’s foreign policy has evolved in response to its geostrategic location, security concerns, and global power alignments. Since independence, its foreign relations have been dominated by concerns over national survival, Kashmir, regional balance with India, and global alliances. Despite intermittent successes, Pakistan’s foreign policy has often been reactive, security-centric, and dependent on external powers, limiting its long-term strategic autonomy. + +## Core Objectives of Pakistan's Foreign Policy +| Objective | Description | +| ------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| **National Security** | Countering India and maintaining sovereignty | +| **Kashmir resolution** | Seeking international support for Kashmiri self-determination | +| **Economic development** | Securing aid, trade, and investment through foreign relations | +| **Strategic alliances** | Building partnerships with major powers for military and political support | +| **Islamic solidarity** | Positioning as a leader of the Muslim world | +| **Regional influence** | Ensuring regional influence, especially in Afghanistan | + +## Timeline of Pakistan's Foreign Policy Evolution + +![[evolution of pakistan's foreign policy mindmap.excalidraw|600]] +## Assessment of Success in Achieving Objectives +| Objective | Analysis | +| ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| **National Security** | Nuclear deterrence achieved, but internal security weakened by extremism | +| **Kashmir Issue** | No meaningful resolution; issue marginalized internationally | +| **Economic Development** | Significant inflows, but aid dependency persisted | +| **Strategic Alliances** | Tactical alliances were formed but they were often transactional and unreliable | +| **Islamic Solidarity** | Limited leadership role in OIC. Mostly symbolic | +| **Regional Influence** | Some influence in Afghanistan but India has remained dominant in South Asia | + +## Challenges to Pakistan's Foregin Policy + + +![[causes behind pakistan's reactive foriegn policy mindmap.excalidraw|600]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Hydropolitics - Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context of Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Hydropolitics - Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context of Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..e4d28b71a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Hydropolitics - Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context of Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ + +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +## Water Profile of Pakistan +Pakistan's main water source is the Indus River system, which includes the Indus River itself and 4 other tributaries. This accounts for 80% of Pakistan's surface water, which flows from upstream India. Per capita availability declined from $5,260 m^3$ to less than $900 m^3$. 93% of all water in Pakistan is used in agricultural, while the rest is split between residential and industrial usage. + +### Domestic Hydropolitics: Internal Water Issues + +#### Water Scarcity and Population Growth +- Pakistan is facing a population crisis due to rapid population growth, which intensifies the pressure on an already limited water resource. +- Climate change effects, such as reduced rainfall and melting glaciers, make water more scarce. +#### Inter-Provincial Water Dispute +- The Indus River System Authority (IRSA) is often criticized for biased allocation of water resources. +- Especially between Punjab and Sindh, disputes are frequent over diversions (e.g., the Chashma-Jehlum Link Canal). +- Lack of data collection and analysis undermines trust. IRSA is accused of data manipulation and a lack of transparency. +#### Inefficient Irrigation and Agricultural Practices +- 60% of irrigation water is wasted due to outdated flood irrigation techniques. +- Water-intensive cropping patterns (e.g., sugarcane in Sindh, rice in Punjab) +#### Lack of Water Storage Capacity +- Pakistan only possesses 30 days of water storage capacity compared to the global minimum, which is 120 days. +- Most of the newer dam projects are still under construction. +- Siltation in existing dams further reduces their water storage capability. +#### Weakness of Institutions +- Overlapping and conflicting roles between WAPDA, IRSA, and provincial irrigation departments. +- Weak enforcement of water pricing, conservation, and zoning regulations. +- Water policy (2018) exists but lacks comprehensive implementation. + +### Regional Hydropolitics: Transboundary Water Issues + +#### Indus Waters Treaty (1960) +- This treaty was brokered by the World Bank between India and Pakistan in 1960. +- It gave exclusive rights to Pakistan over western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab) and to India over eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej). +- Although the treaty has survived wars between both nations, it has been increasingly strained. +#### India's Hydropower Projects and Diversion Plans +- India is constructing dams on the western rivers Jhelum and Chenab. Pakistan accuses India of violating the "no-storage" principle, a move that undermines the treaty's spirit +#### Geopolitical Dynamics and Water Weaponization +- In light of the Pulwama attack (2019), India's leaders' statement on reviewing the treaty has raised fears of water weaponization. +- Pakistani rivers rely on the Himalayan glaciers, which are controlled in part by China. Any China-India dispute could have side effects for Pakistan. +- Regional cooperation remains weak under the SAARC framework. + +--- + +## Resolving the Crisis + +#### Strengthen Domestic Water Governance +- Empower Isra, add data telemetry, and enhance interprovincial cooperation on domestic water issues. +- Implement National Water Policy (2018) with provincial buy-in. +#### Invest in Smart Irrigation Techniques +- Changing Pakistan's irrigation methods from flood irrigation to drip irrigation could greatly enhance water conservation in the most water-consuming sector. +- Educating and training farmers on these new techniques is crucial for long-term sustainable agriculture and water conservation. +#### Build Storage and Conservation Infrastructure +- Expedite the construction of Diamer-Bhasha and Mohmand dams. +- Build infrastructure for rainwater harvesting and floor reservoirs. +#### Diplomatic Engagement on Transboundary Issues +- Develope new water sharing agreements under changing climate realities. +- Utilize third party arbitrations for implementing new proposals such as throug World Bank. +#### Institutional and Legal Reforms +- Enforce water pricing and metering for high consumption sectors. +- Penalize pollution and illegal groundwater pumping. + +--- + +>"The wars of the next century will be about water." — Ismail Serageldin, former VP of World Bank + +## References +https://www.economist.com/international/2024/08/26/the-poisonous-global-politics-of-water +https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2025/05/02/why-are-india-and-pakistan-fighting-over-water +https://www.britannica.com/place/Indus-River/Irrigation#ref495860 +https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HnJ4gjVZqao \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..62ad85684 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,34 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship project under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), aiming to enhance connectivity between Gwadar Port in Pakistan and Kashgar in China's Xinjiang province. It includes infrastructure development, energy projects, industrial zones, and more. + +Since China's BRI project launched 10 years ago the Chinese government has welcomed 149 countries and invested in 1100 projects throughout the globe. But out of these 1100 projects the CPEC investment is quite possibly the most important one for China's future success for three strategic reasons. + +## Importance for China +### Energy Security +China is the largest conusmer of energy in the form of oil and natural gas. For China to import this oil and gas, tankers would have to depart the Middle East, travel around the southern tip of India through the Strait of Malacca between Indonesia and Malaysia, and finally around Vietnam before landing in a Chinese Port. There are two problems with this route. +- The extraordinary distance oil tankers must travel to deliver these resources to China (12,000 kilometers). +- The possibility of a war or conflict between the Southeast Asian countries which could simply block the Strait of Malacca and hamper China's ability to access the energy it needs to fuel its economy + +![[Current Chinese trade route to the Middle East.png|600]] + +CPEC now allows China to bypass this route and get direct access to the Middle East via the Arabian Sea using Pakistan's Gwadar port. +### Market Expansion +CPEC also allows China to access new markets in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East The project has helped boost China's trade and investment in these regions and reduced dependence on exports to the West. +### Regional Stability +China is using cpec as a tool to promote Regional stability and counter terrorism in Pakistan by investing over 62 billion dollars in the country. China hopes that CPEC will promote economic development and reduce poverty in Pakistan. + +## Importance for Pakistan +The total invesement of CPEC-related projects is more than $60 billion +### Diversification of exports +Through CPEC Pakistan has started to diversify its exports and increase production of metals such as copper and iron. These metals are in high demand in China which is the world's largest consumer of metals the increase in Metal Sales to China has been a major benefit for Pakistan's economy it has helped generate new sources of revenue and diversify Pakistan's exports Beyond its traditional industry of textiles. +### Job Creation +Through CPEC, thousands of direct and indirect jobs have been created in construction, logistics, and service sectors. There is also potential for employment in Special Economic Zones (SEZs). +### Infrastructure and Energy +CPEC led to massive improvements in roads and highways (e.g., Karakoram Highway), rail networks, and Gwadar Port. It also led to over 5,000 MW of electricity being added to the national grid through coal, hydropower, and solar projects, which helped reduce Pakistan's chronic power shortages. + +## Related Ideas +[[Pakistan and China relations]] + +## References +[Why Pakistan is the SECRET to China Global Success](https://youtu.be/t6pA7Fpb0s4?si=ydzEp5uIGPC-EQZ3) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Indus Waters Treaty suspended by India after Pahalgam attack.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Indus Waters Treaty suspended by India after Pahalgam attack.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3e3cec4a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Indus Waters Treaty suspended by India after Pahalgam attack.md @@ -0,0 +1,39 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +## History +The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-distribution treaty which was signed between India and Pakistan in 1960. This treaty which was brokered by the World Bank is a water sharing agreement where India and Pakistan split the Indis river basin with Pakistan controlling the westward tributaries (Indus, Jehlum, Chenab) and India the eastward ones (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej). These rivers are vital for Pakistan's agriculture and food security. Even during the 1965, 1971, and 1999 wars, India refrained from blocking the flow of rivers to Pakistan. + +The Indus River system has been used for irrigation since time immemorial. During the period of British rule in India, large canal systems were constructed, and old canal systems and channels were revived and modernized. However, in 1947 British India was partitioned, resulting in the creation of an independent India and West Pakistan (later called Pakistan). The water system was thus divided between the two, with the headworks in India and the canals running through Pakistan. + +In 1948, India began withholding water from canals that flowed into Pakistan. In 1954 the World Bank submitted a proposal for a solution. After six years of talks, Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Mohammad Ayub Khan signed the Indus Waters Treaty in September 1960. + +## The Treaty +- The treaty gave the waters of the western rivers—the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab—to Pakistan and those of the eastern rivers—the Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej—to India. +- It also provided for the funding and building of dams, link canals, barrages, and tube wells—notably the Tarbela Dam on the Indus River and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum River. These helped provide water to Pakistan in the amounts that it had previously received from the rivers now assigned to India’s exclusive use. Much of the financing was contributed by member countries of the World Bank. +- The treaty also allowed India to use the Eastern water for hydropower and agriculture without storage. +- For dispute resolutin there is a three tierd approach: Permanent Indus Commission → Neutral Expert → Arbitration (Court of Arbitration) + +80% of the entire water of the Indus River Basin goes to Pakistan while India recieves 20%. + + +![[Indus-Water-Treaty-Map-Rivers.jpg]] + +## Current Situation +- In a significant challenge to the treaty, in 2017 India completed the building of the Kishanganga dam on Jehlum and continued work on the Ratle hydroelectric power station on the Chenab River despite Pakistan’s objections. +- After the Pulwama attack in 2019 India threated to block the water flow to Pakistan, and after the Pahalgam attack in 2025, which India accuses Pakistan for, India has suspended the treaty altogether. +- Currently India lacks the infrastructure to divert and store water to block it off from Pakistan. But India can immediately stop sharing hydrological data with Pakistan which according to the BBC is crucial for flood forecasting and planning for irrigation, hydropower and drinking water. This would essentially make Pakistan blind about what is happening upstream creating risks of floods, droughts, and food shortages as a result. +- Sources from the Indian government say that they're working on mid-term and long-term solutions to implement the suspension of the treaty which includes building up India's capacity to retain and divert water flowing to Pakistan such as construction of new water storages and desilting rivers. + - Kishanganga (Jehlum) + - Ratle, Baglihar Dam. Pakal Dul (Chenab) + +Pakistan has condemned India's actions and has called for the World Bank and the international community to interfere with India's decision to suspend the treaty. + +## Mind Map +![[indus waters treaty mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Related Ideas +[[Pakistan's foreign policy approach towards India and Afghanistan]] + +## References +[Inuds Waters Treaty, *Britannica*](https://www.britannica.com/event/Indus-Waters-Treaty) +[India and Pakistan - What is Going on? Kings and Generals Modern](https://youtu.be/Hr5aks57mzA?si=xgVBPx0WmWCefUyt) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/International Monetary Fund and Structural adjustment programs (SAPs).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/International Monetary Fund and Structural adjustment programs (SAPs).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..4833e6b92 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/International Monetary Fund and Structural adjustment programs (SAPs).md @@ -0,0 +1,54 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments. 191 + +According to the IMF itself, it works to foster global growth and economic stability by providing policy advice and financing to its members. It also works with developing countries to help them achieve macroeconomic stability and reduce poverty. + +## Structural Adjusment Programs +Structural adjustment programs (SAPs) consist of loans provided by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB) to countries that experience economic crises. + +## Conditionality of loans +The IMF and World Bank (two Bretton Woods institutions) require borrowing countries to implement certain policies in order to obtain new loans (or to lower interest rates on existing ones). The IMF does require collateral from countries for loans but also requires the government seeking assistance to correct its macroeconomic imbalances in the form of policy reform. If the conditions are not met, the funds are withheld. + +These policies are typically centered around +- increased privatization +- liberalizing trade and foreign investment +- balancing government deficit + +## Pakistan and IMF +Pakistan has been a member of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) since 1950. Due to the high unpredictable nature of its economy and its dependence on imports, the IMF has provided loans to Pakistan 24 times, with its most recent being in 2024. Out of that Pakistan has recieved 23 bailouts. + +IMF gave Pakistan loans based on the following conditions +- increase in energy prices +- removal of energy subsidy +- increase in taxation +- privatization of public entities + +### Why Pakistan needs IMF +1. Chronic Fiscal Deficits +2. Debt Servicing +3. Balance of Payments Crisis +4. Currency Devaluation +5. Inflation and Food Security +6. Energy Sector Deficits +7. Political Instability and Governance + +### Cons +1. Debt Dependency and Loss of Economic sovereignty +2. Harsh Austerity Measures +3. Stifling Economic Growth +4. IMF Conditions Increase Inflation +5. Currency Devaluation +6. Reduction in Public welfare programs +7. Political and Social Instability + +## Mind Map + +![[international monetary fund mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Related Ideas + +## References +[International Monetary Fund, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund) +[Structural adjustment,*Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_adjustment) +[Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund. *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan and China relations.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan and China relations.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..dcdacb215 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan and China relations.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +## Related Ideas +[[Belt and Road Inititative (BRI)]] +[[Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan]] +[[Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)]] +## References \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan and Iran Relations.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan and Iran Relations.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b17d20965 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan and Iran Relations.md @@ -0,0 +1,67 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +## History + +Iran and Pakistan established relations on 14 August 1947, the day of the independence of Pakistan, when Iran became the first country to recognize Pakistan, and Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the first head of any state to make an official state visit to Pakistan (March 1950). + +During the Cold War, both countries were part of the Western Bloc against the Eastern Bloc, and both of them were the founding members of Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)—originally called The Baghdad Pact. + +Following the Iranian Revolution (1979), which overthrew the Shah of Iran, Pakistan was one of the first countries to recognize the Islamic Republic of Iran. + +Following the September 11 attacks, Iran and Pakistan joined the war on terror. + +Pakistan has often served as a mediator in the Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict. Pakistan has also provided support to Iran in the Iran–Israel proxy conflict. + +## Current Relations (2025) + + +## Related Ideas + + + +## References + +### 1. **Iran–Israel War (June 2025)** + +- **Escalation:** In June 2025, Israel launched widespread airstrikes on Iranian military and nuclear facilities, killing high-ranking officials and scientists. Iran retaliated with missile and drone strikes on Israeli cities, followed by U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites. A fragile ceasefire was reached on **June 24, 2025** [reddit.com+11countylocalnews.com+11reddit.com+11](https://countylocalnews.com/2025/06/15/pakistans-president-threatens-jordan-over-iran-missiles-iranian-missile-threats-pakistan-jordan-relations-geopolitical-tensions-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com)[en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_war?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + +- **Nuclear Watch & Deterrence:** Iran suspended cooperation with the IAEA, raising concerns about unchecked nuclear activities. Israel asserts it has achieved "aerial superiority" to prevent further threats [ft.com](https://www.ft.com/content/26b3527d-4b5b-4f60-804b-051b53ec443b?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + +- **Regional ripple effects:** Airstrikes in neighboring countries, including logistics targets in Syria, and missile strikes on U.S. bases such as Al-Udeid in Qatar, have broadened the impact [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Iranian_strikes_on_Al_Udeid_Air_Base?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + + +### 2. Strait of Hormuz Threat (June 22, 2025) + +Iran’s parliament voted to **potentially close** the Strait of Hormuz—through which ~20–25% of global oil & LNG passes—in retaliation. While it hasn’t been enforced yet, it sent global oil prices spiking and further destabilized regional energy markets . + +### 3. Diplomatic Shifts & Mediation Efforts + +- **Europe‑Iran nuclear talks** resumed in June 2025, aiming to address Iran's nuclear program post-conflict [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Iran%E2%80%93European_nuclear_talks?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + +- **Pakistan’s role:** Islamabad has encouraged diplomacy, urging Iran-U.S. talks, exploring Iran’s offer to mediate in Kashmir tensions, and coordinating closely with Iran through Foreign Minister dialogues [dawn.com+3arabnews.pk+3theweek.in+3](https://www.arabnews.pk/node/2596877/pakistan?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + + +--- + +## 🇵🇰 Impact on Pakistan + +### A. **Border Security & Militancy** + +- **Militant threats:** Pakistan fears a destabilized Iran could see militants like Jaish al-Adl and Baloch separatists crossing into its western border—a real security risk [arabnews.com+6reuters.com+6en.wikipedia.org+6](https://www.reuters.com/world/china/pakistan-fears-militants-will-thrive-restive-border-if-iran-destabilised-2025-06-19/?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + +- **Border cooperation:** Iranian President Pezeshkian and PM Shehbaz Sharif stressed joint efforts to secure the Iran‑Pakistan border against such threats [ft.com+4arabnews.com+4dawn.com+4](https://www.arabnews.com/node/2602237/%7B%7B?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + + +### B. **Economic & Energy Vulnerability** + +- **Fuel shortages:** Due to disruptions in Iranian sanctions and conflict, **Balochistan is currently facing critical fuel shortages**, highlighting Pakistan’s dependence on Iranian cross-border supplies [economictimes.indiatimes.com](https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/israel-iran-conflict-disrupts-iranian-fuel-supply-triggers-crisis-in-pakistans-balochistan/articleshow/121877868.cms?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + +- **Long-stalled Iran–Pakistan gas pipeline** remains delayed—an energy security tightrope amid U.S. sanctions [en.wikipedia.org](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_gas_pipeline?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + + +### C. **Diplomatic Balancing Act** + +- **Condemnations and alignment:** Pakistan has condemned U.S./Israeli strikes and openly supported Iran’s territorial security—all while courting Western mediation on other regional issues . + +- **Regional diplomacy:** Pakistan welcomes Iran’s offer to mediate with India and calls for broader peace initiatives, keeping options open and non-aligned [theweek.in](https://www.theweek.in/news/middle-east/2025/05/05/how-pakistan-is-actively-wooing-iranian-leaders-to-mediate-with-india.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com). + diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan's foreign policy approach towards India and Afghanistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan's foreign policy approach towards India and Afghanistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a1d46a5d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan's foreign policy approach towards India and Afghanistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,26 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Pakistan’s foreign policy has largely been shaped by **security imperatives**, especially concerning **India and Afghanistan**, its two most geopolitically significant neighbors. While the overarching objectives—**territorial security**, **strategic depth**, and **regional influence**—have remained consistent, the **tactical approaches** have shifted due to changing regional dynamics, global pressures, and internal political transitions. + +## Pakistan’s Approach Towards India +### Consistent Elements +- **Kashmir-centric stance**: Persistent support for the right of self-determination of Kashmiris. +- **Strategic parity**: Pursuit of **nuclear deterrence** and military balance through arms build-up. +- **Diplomatic contestation**: Opposition to India’s global positioning (e.g., NSG membership, UNSC seat). +### Recent Status +- No formal dialogue since 2016. +- Suspension of trade and diplomatic engagement **post-2019 (Abrogation of Article 370)**. +- Occasional back-channel talks via UAE and US intermediaries. + +## Pakistan’s Approach Towards Afghanistan +### Consistent Elements +- **Strategic influence**: Maintaining a friendly regime in Kabul to avoid Indian influence. +- **Pashtun concerns**: Managing border tribes, cross-border movement, and **Durand Line sensitivity**. +- **Security-centric**: Focus on minimizing **TTP threats** and **cross-border terrorism**. +### Recent Status +- Tensions over **border fencing**, **refugee management**, and **TTP sanctuaries**. +- Pakistan’s inability to secure Taliban cooperation against **anti-Pakistan militancy**. + +## Mind Map + +![[pakistan's foreign policy with india and afghanistan mindmap.excalidraw|600]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..a9aa3fb8a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan’s Foreign Policy.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Foreign policy refers to a country's strategy in dealing with other nations to protect its national interests, ensure security, promote economic ties, and enhance its global image. + +## Core Principles of Pakistan’s foreign policy +Pakistan’s foreign policy draws heavily from **Article 40 of its Constitution** and statements by founding leaders like **Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah**. The guiding principles include: +- Peaceful coexistence +- Non-interference in the internal affairs of other states +- Support for Muslim causes (e.g., Palestine, Kashmir) +- Pursuit of regional and international peace +- Promotion of economic cooperation +- Compliance with UN Charter and international law + +## **Main objectives of Pakistan’s foreign policy** +- Preserve national security and sovereignty +- Resolve the Kashmir issue +- Foster strong ties with Muslim countries +- Improve relations with major powers (China, US, Russia) +- Promote economic and energy cooperation +- Strengthen regional integration (e.g., ECO, SCO) +- Promote Pakistan's image as a responsible nuclear power + +## Relations with other countries + +### Strategic alliance with China +China is arguably Pakistan’s most trusted ally. The relationship, often described as "higher than the Himalayas and deeper than the oceans", covers defense, economy, and diplomacy. +- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is central to Pakistan’s development strategy. +- China supports Pakistan on Kashmir and FATF issues. +- Military cooperation includes joint exercises and technology transfer. + +This alliance helps Pakistan balance against India's regional dominance. + +### **Complex relationship with the United States** +Pakistan’s ties with the US have fluctuated over time from Cold War cooperation to mistrust during the War on Terror. +- During the Cold War, Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO as a US ally. +- During the Afghan War, Pakistan became a frontline state alongside US in assisting the Mujahiddeen to counter Soviet invasion. +- After 9/11, Pakistan became a "Major Non-NATO Ally" and supported the US''s "War on Terror" in Afghanistan. +- However, the relationship has faced tension due to: + - US drone strikes in Pakistan + - Accusations of harboring terrorists + - The 2011 Osama bin Laden incident + +Recently, Pakistan is trying to rebalance this relationship while focusing more on geoeconomics. + +### Relations with the Muslim World +Pakistan has traditionally emphasized Islamic unity and maintained close ties with countries like Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Iran. +- Saudi Arabia is a major source of oil, loans, and remittances. +- Turkey supports Pakistan on the Kashmir issue and partners in defense. +- Iran is a neighbor with whom Pakistan shares religious, ethnic, and trade ties, but relations are often strained due to sectarian and geopolitical differences. + +Pakistan often walks a tightrope between the Iran-Saudi rivalry. + +### Conflict with India +The Kashmir dispute is the single most defining issue in Pakistan’s foreign policy when it comes to India. Pakistan and India have fought three full-scale wars (1947, 1965, 1971) and the Kargil conflict (1999), which was also mostly linked to Kashmir. +- Post-2019 abrogation of Article 370 by India, ties worsened drastically. +- Trade and dialogue are suspended. +- Cross-border firing and Line of Control (LoC) violations are common. + +Pakistan wants international mediation on the Kashmir issue while India insists on bilateral resolution, but no meaningful talks have taken place in years. + +### Afghanistan - Strategic Backyard +Pakistan seeks a friendly and stable Afghanistan, partly to avoid Indian influence and partly due to shared border, ethnic groups (Pashtuns), and refugee issues. +- Pakistan supported the Taliban in the 1990s. +- Advocated for peace talks after the 2021 US withdrawal. +- Security remains a concern due to terrorist spillover. + +Pakistan supports regional frameworks like the Doha Talks to encourage inclusive governance in Kabul. + +### Central Asia – The gateway to Energy and Trade +Central Asia offers Pakistan both strategic depth and economic opportunity, especially in terms of energy imports, connectivity projects, and regional influence. +- Growing interest in energy pipelines, connectivity, and defense cooperation. + +--- + +## ## **Challenges facing Pakistan’s foreign policy** +Despite successes, Pakistan’s foreign policy faces serious hurdles: +- Kashmir remains unresolved, fueling tension with India. +- Global image problem: Accusations of supporting extremism led to inclusion in the FATF grey list (until 2022). +- Dependency on aid from Gulf states and international lenders limits sovereignty. +- Balancing act between the US, China, Iran, and Gulf powers is becoming harder. +- Internal instability (economic crisis, political unrest) affects diplomatic credibility. + +![[causes behind pakistan's reactive foriegn policy mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Recent Shift: From Geopolitics to Geoeconomics +In 2021, Pakistan officially announced a foreign policy pivot from security-centric geopolitics to economic diplomacy. +This includes: +- Trade and investment promotion +- Regional connectivity via CPEC, CASA-1000, and TAPI pipeline +- Integration into platforms like SCO and ECO + +--- + +## Mind Map +![[pakistan's foreign policy overview mindmap.excalidraw|600]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan’s foreign policy is primarily reactive rather than proactive.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan’s foreign policy is primarily reactive rather than proactive.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..d365658b6 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Pakistan’s foreign policy is primarily reactive rather than proactive.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Foreign policy is a reflection of a state’s strategic objectives, ideological orientation, and geopolitical interests. Since its inception, Pakistan's foreign policy has largely been influenced by security concerns, particularly with regards to India, and dependence on external alliances. Despite efforts to assert strategic autonomy, Pakistan’s foreign policy has often been reactive—responding to crises and pressures—rather than proactive, with long-term vision or regional leadership. + +>"Diplomacy is not only managing crises, but preventing them." — Henry Kissinger + +## Evidence of reactive foreign policy (recent regional developments) +### India and Kashmir policy (Post-2019) + Pakistan was unprepared for India’s abrogation of Article 370 and lacked a proper policy for such an effent. Pakistan launched diplomatic campaigns but failed to internationalize the issue effectively. +### Afghanistan policy (Post US-Withdrawal 2021) + Pakistan was unprepared for US's withdrawal from Afghanistan and failed to shape a stable afghan policy. This led to security threats from TTP, refugee influx, and increased tensions and border skirmishes with Taliban government in Afghanistan. +### China and CPEC policy +Pakistan relied heavily on China and CPEC which led to a lack of diversification in economic and diplomatic partners. Reactive response to debt, security issues in Balochistan, and slow CPEC progress. +### US policy (Post US-Withdrawal 2021) +Since the 1950s, Pakistan's relations with US have remained transactional based on military aid and strategic utility. Pakistan had no proactive plans post Afghanistan to rebuild ties with US based on economic and technological cooperation. +### Middle East policy +Pakistan has had inconsistent stances on Iran-Saudi tensions, Yemen War, and Israel-UAE normalization. Reactive approach to UAE visa bans and Saudi-India defense cooperation. + +## Causes behind Pakistan’s reactive foreign policy + +![[causes behind pakistan's reactive foriegn policy mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Recommendations for proactive foreign policy + +1. **Strategic Vision Document** + Develop a 20-year Foreign Policy Strategy aligned with economic, environmental, and technological trends. +2. **Strengthen Foreign Service** + Professionalize and insulate the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFA) from political influence. +3. **Diversify Strategic Partnerships** + Deepen ties with ASEAN, Africa, Central Asia, and Latin America to break dependence on China and the Gulf. +4. **Leverage Geo-economic Position** + Promote Pakistan as a bridge between Central Asia, China, Middle East, and Indian Ocean. +5. **Soft Power Diplomacy** + Promote cultural diplomacy, diaspora engagement, academic exchanges, and digital outreach. + +## Related + +## References \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Political instability in Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Political instability in Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..0f28a073a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Political instability in Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,70 @@ + +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[current affairs]] + +Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan has faced recurring episodes of political instability, characterized by weak democratic institutions, military interferences, regional issues, and fragile rule of law. This instability has hindered socioeconomic growth, weakened national integration, and eroded public trust in governance. Despite periodic democratic transitions, Pakistan's political situation remains fractured, necessitating structural reforms for long term political stability. + +### Factors Contributing to Political Instability in Pakistan + +**Civil-Military Imbalance** +- For a large part of its existence, Pakistan has experienced direct military rule and even indirect military rule throughout its periods of civilian governance. +- Politicians are often either opted or ousted through managed elections and judicial engineering. +- The military also dominates Pakistan's foreign policy, especially with regards to India, Afghanistan, and the U.S. + +**Weak Democratic Institutions** +- Parliament remains a weak institution that is often bypassed by either executive or military powers. +- Frequent dissolution of assemblies leads to a lack of continuation of long-term policies. +- Allegations of election rigging undermine the legitimacy of the elections. + +**Political Polarization within Political Parties** +- Lack of intra-party democracy and dynastic leadership weakens political parties. +- Zero-sum politics among different parties that lead to boycotts, protests, and parliamentary dysfunction. +- Lack of consensus between parties on critical issues such as national security, foreign policy, and economic reforms. + +**Judicial Politicization** +- Courts have historically validated military coups under the doctrine of necessity. +- Uneven application of justice and selective accountability erode trust in the judiciary. + +**Ethnic and Regional Grievances** +- Balochistan, Sindh, and former FATA areas express alienation due to lack of autonomy, unequal resource distribution, and unequal federal representation. +- Centralization of power in Punjab fuels ethnonationalist movements that demand new provinces or even independent states. + +### Consequences of Political Instability + +**Economic Uncertainty** +- Due to a lack of proper long-term economic policies that could last between the governance of multiple parties, foreign investment is deterred. Rising inflation and low tax compliance also lead to further economic issues. + +**Social Fragmentation** +- A rise in sectarianism, extremism, and ethnonationalist movements further hinders unity among different domestic regions. + +**Governance Crisis** +- Poor service delivery, corruption in civil institutions, and erosion of law. + +### Potential Reforms to Foster Political Stability + +**Civil-Military Rebalancing** +- Ensure civilian supremacy through constitutional reforms and parliamentary oversight of defense budgets and strategic affairs. +- Institutionalize National Security Council under parliamentary control. + +**Strengthen Democratic Institutions** +- Empower local governments as per Article 140-A, administrative, financial, and political devolution. +- Ensure autonomy of ECP (Election Commission of Pakistan) for transparent elections. + +**Political Reconciliation** +- Reform political parties to ensure intra-party elections and merit-based promotions. +- Institutionalize National Political Council for interparty consensus on core policies. + +**Judicial Independence and Accountability** +- Reform the judicial appointment process to minimize politicization (via Parliamentary Committee and Judicial Commission). +- Establish judicial performance review bodies for transparency and accountability. + +**Education and Public Awareness** +- Revise curricula to promote democratic values, tolerance, and civic responsibility. +- Expand media literacy to counter fake news that leads to regional ethnic sentiments between various ethnic and regional communities. + +### Conclusion +Political stability in Pakistan is undermined by deep-rooted structural, institutional, and cultural factors. A democratic polity cannot be ensured without consistent civil-military rebalance, institutional integrity, and constitutional and political reforms. While Pakistan's democracy has faced significant setbacks, these reforms can pave a way for a more stable and representative political system. + +# References +https://www.economist.com/leaders/2023/06/01/pakistans-perma-crisis +https://www.economist.com/by-invitation/2024/01/16/a-former-ambassador-argues-that-pakistan-needs-a-new-political-compact +https://youtu.be/nxvw_O3IBow?si=XwN9igJQENFGIQmG \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Political structure of Pakistan and the ideal structure for political stability.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Political structure of Pakistan and the ideal structure for political stability.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ff64220a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Political structure of Pakistan and the ideal structure for political stability.md @@ -0,0 +1,49 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[current affairs]] + +Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan has been a Federal Parliamentary Republic and has been guided by the Constitution of 1973. However, the political landscape of Pakistan has faced various challenges in the form of military coups and interference, weak democratic institutions, and dynastic politics within political parties. Understanding Pakistan's political structure is necessary to understand the country's governance challenges and determine which system is best for fostering political stability. + +### Main Political Features of Pakistan + +**Islamic Republic** +- According to article 227 of the constitution, Islam is the state religion, and no law can be enacted that goes against the Quran and Sunnah. +- The Council of Islamic Ideology ensures that legislation conforms to Islamic principles. + +**Federal Parliamentary System** +- As per the Constitution of 1973, Pakistan follows a parliamentary democracy. +- Pakistan has a bicameral legislature, which includes the National Assembly and the Senate. +- It has an executive body that is headed by the Prime Minister (real power) and a President (ceremonial). + +**Multi-Party System** +- Pakistan has a multi-party landscape, but politics is dominated by a few major parties. +- The three largest political parties in Pakistan are the Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PML-N), Pakistan People's Party (PPP), and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI). +- Most of the parties face challenges in the form of dynastic politics and weak intra-party politics. + +**Independent Judiciary** +- Pakistan has an independent judiciary that wields significant authority in terms of Pakistan's laws. +- Although the judiciary is independent in principle, it has often been accused of being influenced by executive and military pressure and of delivering selective justice. + +**Provincial Autonomy** + - Since Pakistan is a Federal Parliamentary Republic, it functions as a federation with four provinces, namely Punjab, Sindh, KPK, and Balochistan, each of which has a unique ethnicity, language, and culture. + - This also leads to ethnic tension between provinces due to grievances related to autonomy and unequal resource distribution. + +**Military Interference** +- Since its inception, Pakistan has faced frequent military interference in its politics. +- There have been three direct military regimes (1958-1971, 1977-1988, 1999-2008). +- Even in periods of civilian governments, the military has had de facto influence over foreign policy, national security, and economic policies. + +### Ideal Government Structure for Political Stability in Pakistan + +**Parliamentary vs. Presidential System** + +| **System** | **Strength** | **Weaknesses** | +| ------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | +| Parliamentary | Collective decision-making between provinces represents federal spirit. | Susceptible to no-confidence motions, unstable coalitions, and weak leadership. | +| Presidential | Strong executive and a stable leader. | Risk: centralization of power and alienation between provinces. | +Since Pakistan is a multi-ethnic country, a federal structure represented by a parliament is better suited for Pakistani politics. + +## Related Ideas +[[Political instability in Pakistan]] + +# References +https://www.britannica.com/place/Pakistan/Government-and-society +[[Political instability in Pakistan]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Security and Survival of Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Security and Survival of Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..b3758ce9a --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Security and Survival of Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ + +[[pakistan's foreign policy]] + +Since its inception in 1947, Pakistan's foreign policy has been guided by its need for security and survival. Due to its complex relationship with India, a geographically larger and economically stronger neighbor, Pakistan had always prioritized strategic alliances, military buildup, and nuclear deterrence to protect its national security. +## Pakistan-India Conlict +The conflict between Pakistan and India has deep historical roots, shaped by religious, political, and territorial disputes. Even after the establishment of two separate states, tensions have persisted between the two. In its early years, Pakistan faced challenges such as delayed transfer of its rightful share of financial and military assets, as well as disputes in water flow from the Ravi and Sutlej rivers, crippling Pakistan's irrigation and agriculture. These early conflicts laid the foundation for an adversarial relationship between the two nations, influencing Pakistan foreign policy and. +## Kashmir Issue +A core issue behind all Pakistan-India relations has been the Kashmir issue, which started in 1947 with the independence of Pakistan. The issues regarding this disputed territory have led to conflicts between both countries in 1948, 1965, 1971, and the Kargil conflict in 1999. + +India's regional influence and strategic policies have often posed challenges to Pakistan, impacting its economci growth and regional stability. Due to these reasons, Pakistan has always aimed to seek alliances with countries that helped it with its security concerns. + +## References +[[Pakistan's Foreign Policy (1947-2019) — Abdul Sattar]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..1b5bf9b4f --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO).md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + + +## History + +## Objectives +### Economic +### Political +### Security and Defence + + +## Member Countries +1. China +2. Russia +3. Kazakhastan +4. Kyrgyzstan +5. Tajikistan +6. Uzbekistan +7. Pakistan +8. India +9. Iran +10. Belarus + +## Pakistan's Reasons for Joining SCO +### Regional Security and Stability +Pakistan emphasized the importance of collective security mechanisms to address regional threats. It highlighted the need for joint efforts in combating terrorism, extremism, and separatism, which are pivotal to ensuring regional stability. Pakistan reiterated its commitment to the SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) and called for enhanced intelligence sharing and joint military exercises. +### Economic Cooperation and Connectivity +Pakistan advocated for greater economic integration among SCO members, stressing the need to enhance trade and investment flows. It emphasized the significance of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) as a flagship project under China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which can catalyze regional connectivity and economic development. +### Afghanistan's Stability +Given its geographic proximity and historical ties, Pakistan underscored the importance of a stable and peaceful Afghanistan for regional security. Pakistan called for a coordinated approach among SCO members to support the Afghan peace process and ensure that the country does not become a haven for terrorist groups. +### Climate Change and Environmental Issues +Recognizing the growing impact of climate change, Pakistan highlighted the need for collaborative efforts to address environmental challenges. It proposed joint initiatives on water management, disaster response, and sustainable development to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change in the region. + +## The SCO is trash at cooperating + Any club that includes both India and Pakistan, for instance, is unlikely to achieve consensus easily. India also has a border spat with China. In 2021, meanwhile, more than 50 people were killed in clashes on the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The persistence of such bilateral disputes has left the SCO with a reputation for ineffectiveness. As Temur Umarov of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, a think-tank headquartered in Washington, puts it, “bigger is not better” when co-operation is the goal. + +## Mind Map + +![[shanghai cooperation organization mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Related Ideas +[[Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan]] +[[Pakistan and China relations]] + +## References +[Shnghai Cooperation Organization, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation) +[The 2024 SCO Summit: Pakistan's Role and Strategic Opportunities](https://www.ia-forum.org/Content/ViewInternal_Document.cfm?contenttype_id=1&ContentID=9888) +[What is the Shanghai Co-operation Organisation?](https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/09/14/what-is-the-shanghai-co-operation-organisation) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Shanghai Cooperation Organization's significance for Pakistan.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Shanghai Cooperation Organization's significance for Pakistan.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..f5bba95ef --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Shanghai Cooperation Organization's significance for Pakistan.md @@ -0,0 +1,62 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[current affairs]] [[pakistan's foreign policy]] + +The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance comprising nine permanent members, including China, Russia, and Pakistan. All members combined, the SCO makes up 44% of the entire world's population. +Pakistan became a full member of SCO in 2017, marking a strategic shift in its foreign policy towards regional integration, multilateralism, and strategic autonomy. The SCO provides Pakistan with diplomatic space, economic partnerships, and opportunities to address security concerns. + +### Historical and Geopolitical Context +The Shanghai Cooperation Organization first originated as the Shanghai Five in 1996 and later expanded into SCO in 2001. It aims to combat terrorism, promote trade, and foster regional cooperation and stability. The nine members of the SCO are China, Russia, India, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. Pakistan originally joined only as an observer in 2005 but became a full member in 2017. + +### Significance of SCO for Pakistan + +**Strategic Regional Integration** +- Provides geopolitical balance to [[pakistan's foreign policy]] by strengthening ties with China, Russia, and Central Asian Republics (CARs), also known as the four Stans. +- Reduces Pakistan's dependence on Western institutions such as the IMF and World Bank and provides Pakistan with alternatives. + +**Counterterrorism and Security Cooperation** +- SCO's Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) facilitates intelligence sharing and joint military exercises. +- It helps address various threats in the region such as cross-border terrorism, drug trafficking from Afghanistan, and internal extremist networks in Balochistan and KPK. + +**Economic and Energy Cooperation** +- Central Asia has an untapped market worth more than $1 trillion in the form of gas and oil reserves. +- This provides potential energy imports via gas pipelines and increased trade with landlocked Central Asia. + +**Diplomatic Leverage and Soft Power** +- SCO provides the ability to engage with India in a non-hostile, neutral setting. +- It offers a platform where Pakistan can present its narrative on the Kashmir issue. +- SCO also offers a platform that can boost Pakistan's international visibility. + +**Afghanistan and Regional Stability** +- Pakistan uses SCO to promote positive relations with the Afghan government. +- SCO also allows Pakistan to manage its border security and refugee spillover. +- Pakistan seeks regional consensus with Afghanistan, especially on the border issue, which SCO can facilitate. + +### Challenges and Limitations + +**India-Pakistan Tensions** +- Bilateral conflicts spill over into SCO forums, impacting cooperative potential. +- India's opposition often limits Pakistan's proposals within SCO. + +**Underutilization of Economic Potential** +- Trade with SCO members, except for China, remains minimal. +- Poor infrastructure and inconsistent internal policy reforms hinder progress. + +**Diplomatic Limitations** +- SCO is not a conflict resolution body; therefore, it has no enforcement power on bilateral issues. +- Limited progress on free trade or a common currency between SCO members, unlike the European Union. + +### Recommendations for Pakistan + +**Deepen Ties with CARs** +- Pakistan should deepen its ties with CARs to facilitate trade and energy agreements with them. +- Leverage CPEC to transit facilities to other SCO members, especially CARs. + +**Active Diplomacy** +- Pakistan needs to reduce Indo-Pak friction to actually move forward with its proposals. +- It also needs to promote cultural diplomacy through media, tourism, and academic exchange programs with SCO members. + +## References +https://youtu.be/1kJf4krMY4A?si=jy-dn85mBL0lrnhw +https://mofa.gov.pk/pakistans-membership-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organization-sco +https://ecfr.eu/article/rogue-nato-the-new-face-of-the-shanghai-cooperation-organisation/ +https://www.economist.com/the-economist-explains/2022/09/14/what-is-the-shanghai-co-operation-organisation +https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/03/18/how-china-russia-and-iran-are-forging-closer-ties \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi's reforms and impacts.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi's reforms and impacts.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..59e475e2d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi's reforms and impacts.md @@ -0,0 +1,32 @@ +[[history]] [[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi was 16th century a Sunni Muslim scholar during the Mughal Empire. During his time, the Mughal emperor Akbar declared a new religion called Deen-e-Ilahi that aimed to synchronize all the different religions of South Asia. In response to this, Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi started a reformist movement that aimed to reestablish Sunni orthodox Muslim ideology and remove all sorts of bi'dah. + +## Sociopolitical Conditions of the subcontinent +- During Sirhindi's time, the Mughal emperor Akbar developed a new religious ideology that was based on pluralism. He combined teachings of Islam, Hinduism, and Zoroastrianism into a singular religion called Deen-e-Ilahi. +- Akbar also banned fundamental Muslim practices such as Salat and Hajj, and demolished many mosques. +- During this period, judicial authority was taken away from religious scholars and Qazis so that legal decisions could be based on Akbar's new syncretic religion. +- Akbar also legalized alcohol. +- THE GREAT MIGRATION OF THE PROSTITUTES. + +These issues and many others led to a reformist movement by Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi to re-establish Islamic orthodoxy and core Islamic values and principles. + +## Religious Reforms by Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi +- Sirhindi opposed Akbar's Deen-e-Ilahi, which he considered heretical. He also challenged the Sufi ideology that blurred the line between creator and creation, which he deemed incompatible with Islamic ideology. +- He also opposed Akbar's judicial renovations and emphasized the supremacy of Shariah law. +- He sought to strengthen Sunni Muslim ideology and jurisprudence in all religious, judicial, and social affairs. +- He actively criticized Bi'dah (religious innovations) which were brought on by Akbar's pluralistic ideology and the influence of Hindu culture. + +Sirhindi was critical of Akbar's religious innovations, Deen-e-Ilahi, the influence of Sufism and Hinduism, and the resulting decline of Sunni orthodox Muslim ideology. + +## Impact of Sirhindi's Reforms on the Mughal Empire +- Sirhindi's influence gradually gained ground in Jahangir and Aurangzeb's time. Aurangzeb especially was deeply influenced by Sirhindi, which led him to shun Hindu culture and practices, enforce Shariah, and reimpose Jizya. +- Sirhindi's influence also led to religious intolerance in the Subcontinent, which led to a decline of interfaith harmony. As a result, many temples were destroyed, and Hindus and other religious minorities were marginalized. +- His influence also led to Muslim scholars regaining the power and influence that they lost during Akbar's reign. + +--- + +While Sirhindi was influential in reviving pure Islamic ideology and even succeeded at it, his reforms also caused the decline of the Mughal empire. His reforms strengthened Islamic identity but also alienated the Mughals from the local Hindu population, which weakened and eventually fractured the unity of the subcontinent that was present during Akbar's era. + +## References +https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shaykh-Ahmad-Sirhindi \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..6a684415c --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC).md @@ -0,0 +1,35 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the regional intergovernmental organization and geopolitical union of states in South Asia. Its member states are Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. + +SAARC was founded in Dhaka on 8 December 1985. Its secretariat is based in Kathmandu, Nepal. + +However, due to the geopolitical conflict between India and Pakistan and the situation in Afghanistan, the organization has been suspended for a long time, and India currently cooperates with its eastern neighbors through BIMSTEC. + +Despite the takeover of Afghanistan by the Taliban in 2021, Afghanistan is still a member of SAARC, despite calls for their suspension and none of the other SAARC members recognizing the Taliban government. + +## Objectives +SAARC's main objectives include promoting the welfare of the peoples of South Asia, accelerating economic growth, and fostering mutual trust and understanding among member states. + +## Challenges +SAARC faces significant challenges, primarily stemming from political tensions and a lack of trust among member states, particularly between India and Pakistan. These bilateral issues hinder progress on regional cooperation in areas like trade, economic integration, and infrastructure development. Additionally, weak infrastructure, diverse economies, the impact of climate change, and terrorism in the region pose further hurdles. + +## Opportunities and Potential +### Economic Potential +SAARC has significant potential for economic growth through increased trade, investment, and infrastructure development. +### Cultural and Social Ties +Shared cultural and social characteristics can be leveraged to foster greater understanding and cooperation among member states. +### China's Role +Including China as a full member or observer could bring economic benefits and help balance power dynamics in the region. + +## Mind Map + +![[south asian association of regional cooperation mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + + +## Related Ideas + + +## References +[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ,*Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation) + diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The Kashmir Issue and Article 370.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The Kashmir Issue and Article 370.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..abf70b465 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The Kashmir Issue and Article 370.md @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +04-0-72025 +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +## Historical Background: Princely States and Partition + +![[Pre-partition map of India.avif|600]] + +At the time of British withdrawal in 1947, India was divided into two categories: directly governed British provinces and semi-independent princely states. +- Princely states managed internal matters. +- Britain retained control over defense, foreign affairs, and communication. + +The 565 princely states were allowed to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent. After partition, three major princely states resisted joining: Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir. + +## The Accession of Jammu and Kashmir +Jammu and Kashmir was a Muslim-majority state ruled by a Hindu Maharaja, Hari Singh. He hoped to remain independent to maintain his own power. However, in late 1947, tribal militias from Pakistan entered Kashmir to liberate it. In response, the Maharaja sought military assistance from India. +- India agreed to help only if Kashmir formally acceded to India. +- The Instrument of Accession was signed. +- India gained control of: + - Defense + - Foreign Affairs + - Communications + +![[Instrument of Accession.jpg|600]] + +Indian troops were sent to Kashmir, starting the First Indo-Pak War of 1947. + +## United Nations Involvement and Line of Control + +![[Line of Control - Indo-Pak.jpg|600]] + +India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN passed Resolution 47, which called for: +- An immediate ceasefire (creating what is now the Line of Control or LoC). +- Withdrawal of troops from both sides. +- A plebiscite to let Kashmiris choose between India and Pakistan. + +The plebiscite never happened, as both sides failed to fully withdraw their forces. Kashmir remained divided into Indian-administered Kashmir (IAK and Pakistan-administered Kashmir (PAK) + +## Article 370 and Article 35A: Special Status +To respect Kashmir's unique accession, Article 370 was added to the Indian Constitution. It granted special autonomy to Jammu & Kashmir, allowing it to: +- Have its own Constitution and Flag +- Make laws on all matters except: Defense, Foreign Affairs, and Communication + +Article 35A, added later, defined "permanent residents" of J&K, giving them exclusive rights to: +- Own land and property +- Apply for government jobs +- Vote in state elections + +This protected Kashmir’s demographic identity from outside interference. + +## The Abrogation of Article 370 (2019) +On August 5, 2019, the Indian government revoked Article 370 and Article 35A through a presidential order. As part of this decision: +- J&K was demoted from a state to a Union Territory +- Ladakh was separated as a distinct Union Territory +- Outsiders were now allowed to: Buy property, Work in the region, Participate in its politics + +## Criticisms of the Abrogation +The move was widely criticized both within India and internationally. +Key critiques include: +- **Undemocratic:** + - Kashmiri leaders placed under house arrest + - Curfews and blackouts imposed + - No consultation with the local population +- **Unconstitutional:** + - The state assembly was dissolved + - A legal loophole was used + +## Consequences of the Abrogation +Though the stated aim was to “better integrate” Kashmir into India, the ground reality has been far more complicated. +Key outcomes include: +- Increased unrest and militancy in the region +- Decline in tourism, economic activity, and education due to frequent internet shutdowns +- Continued international criticism and concerns over human rights violations +- Unlawful military detentions of civilians under Public Safety Act (PSA). + +Kashmir has remained under periodic lockdowns, and relations with Pakistan have deteriorated further. + +## Regional Impact +The region is now a flashpoint between three nuclear powers: India, Pakistan, and China. +- Border skirmishes between India and China (e.g., Galwan Valley in 2020) +- Frequent ceasefire violations between Pakistan and India post-2019. +- Cross-border trade, student exchanges, and pilgrimages halted or minimized. + +## Mind Map: The Kashmir Issue + +![[kashmir issue mindmap.excalidraw|600]] + +## Related Issues +[[The history of Article 370 — Kashmir Issues]] +[[Article 370 Removal — Kashmir Issues]] + +## References \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The Suez Canal crises (1956).md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The Suez Canal crises (1956).md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2b6a63c79 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The Suez Canal crises (1956).md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +[[history]] [[pakistan's foreign policy]] + +The Suez Canal, which was completed in 1869, connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. This makes it a crucial shortcut between Europe and Asia, especially as a trade route. +![[Suez Canal Egypt satellite view.jpg]] + + +It was vital for British and French trade and military movement, especially for oil shipments from the Middle East. Even though the Suez Canal is physically located in Egypt, it was controlled by the Suez Canal Company, which was majority-owned by British and French shareholders. +And even after Egypt's independence in 1922, the British Empire controlled the canal and maintained a military presence in Egypt. + +Gamal Abdel Nasser was a nationalist leader who wanted to assert complete independence from colonial influence. Therefore, he decided to nationalize the Suez Canal and take control from Britain and France. Britain and France, on the other hand, along with Israel, decided to launch a military operation in Egypt to take it back. + +Politically, the operation was a disaster because both the US and the Soviet Union opposed the invasion. The US threatened financial and economic sanctions, while the Soviet Union threatened to intervene using its military. Obviously, both countries were after their own interests, and neither really cared about Egypt. The US feared it would lose its influence in the Arab world, and the Soviets wanted to gain influence in the Arab world. + +## References +https://www.history.com/articles/suez-crisis \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The history of Article 370 — Kashmir Issues.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The history of Article 370 — Kashmir Issues.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..aa4283f1b --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The history of Article 370 — Kashmir Issues.md @@ -0,0 +1,36 @@ +[[history]] [[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Before the partition of India, the British used to rule via two methods. In certain areas they had direct government and direct rule (provinces), while in others, they were ruling indirectly through a local raja or Nizam. These areas were called the princely states. The princely states were allowed to manage all internal affairs except for three important ones: defense, foreign affairs, and communications. There were a total of 565 princely states in India. + +When the British decided to leave India, they came up with a plan under Lord Mountbatten (Indian Independence) to divide India based on Hindu-Muslim demographics. But this plan only meant to divide British India, the places where they had direct control. The princely states were left to decide whether they wanted to join either India or Pakistan, or remain independent. + +To join either Pakistan or India, a princely state needed to sign an Instrument of Accession, which had the same agreements that the princely states had with the British. They would also later sign merger agreements that would change many of the agreements and integrate the states completely into the country. + +When the British left, all the princely states were merged into India or Pakistan, either by using money or force. All of them except three: Junagadh, Hyderabad, and Kashmir. + +Junagadh became a part of India by plebiscite because the majority of its population was Hindu, while Hyderabad (a Muslim majority state) was merged into India using military force. This left only Kashmir. + +The Raja of Kashmir, Hari Singh, decided that he did not want to accede to either country and wanted to remain independent because he wanted to stay in power. At the same time, the Raja had highly discriminatory laws and policies against the Muslims of Kashmir, which led to frequent protests against him. + +When Pakistani tribal militias entered Kashmir to liberate it from the Raja, he got frightened and asked for India's assistance. The Indian government denied assistance, saying that since Kashmir was not a part of India, they were not obligated to help. In a moment of desperation, the Raja signed the Instrument of Accession with India. This made Kashmir's defense, foreign affairs, and communications India's responsibility, so India sent troops to defend Kashmir against the Pakistani militias. This became the India-Pakistan war of 1947. + +The Indian cabinet was convinced that if the issue of Kashmir was taken to the UN, then the UN would decide in India's favor because Kashmir had already signed the instrument of accession. + +When the UN passed its resolution (UN resolution 47) it mentioned two things. +- Immediate ceasefire no matter where either country's troops were. Both countries stopped the war but held their positions. This became the Line of Control (LOC) that exists to this day. +- Both countries were to eventually remove their troops and then a plebiscite to be held which what country Kashmir would join. + +Neither countries removed their troops and so the plebiscite is pending to this day. + +So now Kashmir was divided into two parts, the Pakistani administered Kashmir and the Indian administered Kashmir. + +When it was time for India to make their constitution, they had to take into account the status of Kashmir. Kashmir (or rather Hari Singh) had already signed the instrument of accession which meant that aside for defense, foreign affairs, and communications, the state would remain autonomous and handle its own internatl affairs. + +The Indian constitution had to account for this, which is where Article 370 comes in. + +## Related Ideas +[[The Kashmir Issue and Article 370]] +[[Article 370 Removal — Kashmir Issues]] + +## References +[Planning Of Article 370 Removal](https://youtu.be/3wCnVvdrqy8?si=tGnah7FDuZlpOCNi) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The ups and downs in Pakistan-US relations since the Cold War.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The ups and downs in Pakistan-US relations since the Cold War.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..2ac340837 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/The ups and downs in Pakistan-US relations since the Cold War.md @@ -0,0 +1,41 @@ +[[Pakistan Affairs]] + +United States of America remains one of the first countries to have established diplomatic ties with Pakistan. Although the relationship dates back to October 1947, during each era the relation has been based strictly on military and economic support. + + +![[timeline of pak-us relations mindmap.excalidraw|300]] + + +## Cold War Alliance (1950s-1960s) +During the Cold War (1945–1991), Pakistan allied itself with the Western Bloc led by the United States against the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union. During this era, Pakistan joined both the SEATO (Southeast Asia Treaty Organization), and CENTO (Central Treaty Organization) which was originally known as the Baghdad Pact. + +Both these treaties were like NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) in that its independent member states agreed to defend each other against attacks by third parties. SEATO was made to contain and counter Soviet expansion in Southeast Asia, while CENTO was created to counter Soviet Expansion in the Middle East. + +Pakistan's motive behind joining both these organizations was to secure military and economic aid and a desire for Western support in its conflict with India. + +Pakistan formally withdrew from SEATO in 1973 because the US had failed to provide support during its conflict with India (Fall of Dhaka). CENTO on the other hand was dissolved in 1979, following the Iranian Revolution. + +## Afghan Jihad (1980s) +In 1979 war broke out in Afghanistan between Islamic guerreilla fighters and Soviet troops. Since Pakistan shared a long border with Afghanistan, the US saw Pakistan (under General Zia-ul-Haq) as a strategic partner to funnel weapons, funds, and intelligence support to anti-Soviet fighters (Mujahideen). In this way, for the first time, Pakistan became a frontline state for the US. During this era, Pakistan received $3.2 billion in aid from the US. + +## Sanctions Era (1990s) +In 1990, fearing the development of Pakistan's nuclear program, the Pressler Ammendment imposed sanctions on Pakistan. The US cut all military and economic aid to halt Pakistan nuclear developement. Relations further stagnated when Pakistan finally conducted its first nuclear test in 1998. + +## Post 9/11 (2021-2011) +After the terrorirst attack of 9/11, the US invaded Afghanistan for the second time, this time to hunt Al-Qaeda and the Taliban. Pakistan once more became a frontline state for the US as the US relied heavily on Pakistan for logistics and intelligence within Afghanistan. Pakistan become a "Major Non-NATO ally" and received over $20 billion in military and economic aid during this era. This is also the time period when US started conducting drone strikes within Pakistan to attack Taliban members and supporters. + +## Trust Deficit (2011-2021) +After the US conducted a unilateral military operation in Pakistan, which led to the killing of Osama Bin Laden in Abbottabad, relations between both countries froze. The US accused Pakistan of "double dealing". The US claimed that while Pakistan publicly supported the U.S. War on Terror, it was secretly aiding or tolerating the Afghan Taliban and other extremist groups behind the scenes. Pakistan denied these accusations but the relations didn't improve. + +## Post Afghanistan Withdrawal (2021-Present) +Since the withdrawal of US from Afghanistan, Pakistan has lost its leverage as a strategic ally in the region. Now the US has pivoted towards an Indo-Pacific policy which is focused on countering China by building relations with India as a key ally. Pakistan itself is now focusing on deepening its ties with China and Russia as it aims to diversify its alliances. + +## Related Ideas +[[Challenges and Opportunities in redefining Pak-US relations in a post-911 and post-Afghanistan context]] +[[US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Pak–US relations]] + +## References +[The Untold Stories of Ups and Downs in the PAK-US Relationship from 1947-2024](https://youtu.be/HDUJdcaXAXE?si=JSANx-MJ7G9LTLlm) +[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization) +[Central Treaty Organization, *Wikipedia*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Treaty_Organization) +[Afghan War, *Britannica*](https://www.britannica.com/event/Afghan-War) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) gas pipeline.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) gas pipeline.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..82f1821e0 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/Turkmenistan–Afghanistan–Pakistan–India (TAPI) gas pipeline.md @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +[[international relations]] [[Pakistan Affairs]] + +Also known as the Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline, it is a natural gas pipeline meant to connect South Asia with Central Asia and provide economic prosperity to both regions. The project was originally agreed upon in Ashghabat in 2010, but so far no substantial progress has been made. + +The problem is the fact that the pipeline is supposed to pass through Afghanistan. If Afghanistan gets its act together, it stands to benefit a lot from the transit fees. But right now, Afghanistan is an unstable country run by the Taliban, so there is no hope for this pipeline to finish and start functioning. + +## References +[[Pakistan - A New History (Ian Talbot)]] \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Pak–US relations.md b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Pak–US relations.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..be662644d --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Notes/Pakistan Affairs/US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Pak–US relations.md @@ -0,0 +1,28 @@ +## US interests in the Indo-Pacific region and ties with India and their impacts on Paki–US relations + +05-07-2025 +[[Pakistan Affairs]] [[international relations]] + +During the first 50 years of independence, India had uneasy ties with the US, particularly because of its alliance with the Soviet Union. But since the dawn of the 21st century, India and the US relationship has evolved into a strategic partnership and military cooperation. This is particularly due to the rise of China as an economic and military power in South Asia and America's interest in elevating India as an ally and deterrent against China. This has led to Pakistan's role being diminished in US policies, forcing Pakistan to reconsider its foreign policy in this changing landscape. + +## US India Ties +### Military Cooperation +- India was designated a Major Defense Partner by the US in 2016 +- India and US now conduct joint military exercises +### Strategic Partnership +- US aligns with India on issues like China's regional influence and border security +- Post-2019, the US's commentary on the Kashmir Issue has become less critical + +## Impacts on Pakistan–US Relations +The US tilt toward India acts as a deep security concern for Pakistan as it encourages India to act as a regional hegemon in South Asia. The US now views Pakistan only through the lens of Pak-China ties and thus has reduced contact with it. +- Pak-US military exchange has reduced siginificantly +- Post-Afghanistan, Pakistan's strategic role for the US has declined +- Pakistan has less influence in South Asia now +- The China–Pakistan alliance is perceived as undermining Indo-Pacific cohesion + +## Related Ideas +[[Challenges and Opportunities in redefining Pak-US relations in a post-911 and post-Afghanistan context]] +[[The ups and downs in Pakistan-US relations since the Cold War]] + +## References +[Indo-US ties](https://www.dawn.com/news/1854588/indo-us-ties) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/content/Notes/attachments/Current Chinese trade route to the Middle East.png b/content/Notes/attachments/Current Chinese trade route to the Middle East.png new file mode 100644 index 000000000..005ac6728 Binary files /dev/null and b/content/Notes/attachments/Current Chinese trade route to the Middle East.png differ diff 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/dev/null and b/content/Notes/attachments/silk-road-economic-belt-belt-and-road-initiative2.png differ diff --git a/content/Pakistan Affairs.md b/content/Pakistan Affairs.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..ee1362b31 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/Pakistan Affairs.md @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ +## Historical Personalities, Muslim Identity & Ideology +- [[Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi's reforms and impacts]] + +## Partition, Congress Rule, and Electoral Politics + + +## National Integration, Ethnic Issues, and Civil-Military Relations + + +## Economic Challenges in Pakistan + + +## Political Stability, Governance & Democracy +- [[Political instability in Pakistan]] + +## Constitution, Federalism & Provincial Autonomy +- [[Constitutional development of Pakistan (1947–1973)]] + +## Foreign Policy, Geo-Politics, & Security +- [[Pakistan’s foreign policy is primarily reactive rather than proactive]] +## Kashmir +- [[The Kashmir Issue and Article 370]] +- [[The history of Article 370 — Kashmir Issues]] +- [[Article 370 Removal — Kashmir Issues]] +- [[Pakistan's foreign policy approach towards India and Afghanistan]] +### India +- [[Indus Waters Treaty suspended by India after Pahalgam attack]] +- [[Hydropolitics - Water Issues in Domestic and Regional Context of Pakistan]] +### China +- [[Pakistan and China relations]] +### Iran +- [[Pakistan and Iran Relations]] +### Afghanistan + +### Intergovernmental Orgnizations +- [[BRICS]] +- [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)]] +- [[International Monetary Fund and Structural adjustment programs (SAPs)]] +- [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)]] +- [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization's significance for Pakistan]] +- [[Belt and Road Inititative (BRI)]] +- [[Importance of CPEC for China and Pakistan]] + +## Global Warming & Climate Change +[[Climate change in Pakistan]] + + +## Energy Crisis diff --git a/content/index.md b/content/index.md new file mode 100644 index 000000000..74b971231 --- /dev/null +++ b/content/index.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +--- +title: CSS Notes 2025 +--- + +This site is a collection of my personal notes for the CSS exam. +They’re organized by subject and topic. +Mainly made for my own use — shared here in case they help someone else too. diff --git a/quartz.config.ts b/quartz.config.ts index b3db3d60d..e0fc4b51f 100644 --- a/quartz.config.ts +++ b/quartz.config.ts @@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import * as Plugin from "./quartz/plugins" */ const config: QuartzConfig = { configuration: { - pageTitle: "Quartz 4", + pageTitle: "CSS Exam Notes", pageTitleSuffix: "", enableSPA: true, enablePopovers: true, diff --git a/quartz.layout.ts b/quartz.layout.ts index 970a5be34..097455fab 100644 --- a/quartz.layout.ts +++ b/quartz.layout.ts @@ -8,8 +8,9 @@ export const sharedPageComponents: SharedLayout = { afterBody: [], footer: Component.Footer({ links: { - GitHub: "https://github.com/jackyzha0/quartz", - "Discord Community": "https://discord.gg/cRFFHYye7t", + // GitHub: "https://github.com/jackyzha0/quartz", + // "Discord Community": "https://discord.gg/cRFFHYye7t", + }, }), } @@ -51,7 +52,7 @@ export const defaultContentPageLayout: PageLayout = { export const defaultListPageLayout: PageLayout = { beforeBody: [Component.Breadcrumbs(), Component.ArticleTitle(), Component.ContentMeta()], left: [ - Component.PageTitle(), + // Component.PageTitle(), Component.MobileOnly(Component.Spacer()), Component.Flex({ components: [