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content/notes/12-modelling-behaviour.md

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+---
+title: "12-modelling-behaviour"
+tags: 
+- cosc201
+- lecture
+---
+[slides](https://blackboard.otago.ac.nz/bbcswebdav/pid-2892846-dt-content-rid-18407618_1/courses/INFO201_S1DNIE_2022/2022/lectures/lecture_12_slides.pdf)
+
+- method signatures
+- inheritance of behaviour
+- lower level sequencing and flow of control
+- compartmentalisation into "subsystems"
+
+# 1 Example of Linked UML (not realistic)
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/SAp9l60.png)
+
+![200](https://i.imgur.com/sDLFeRe.png) ![150](https://i.imgur.com/JXSxAKy.png) ![200](https://i.imgur.com/RhQZdep.png)
+
+# 2 Inheritance
+
+## 2.1 Inheriting behaviour via specialisation
+
+e.g., 
+
+- subclass of item
+	- inherit all public members of Item
+	- can replace or customeise any intherited method
+	- can add their own specialised methods (including constructors)
+	- can’t concurrently be subclasses of anything else (single inheritance)
+- Things that know how to use Item will also accept Book or Disc.
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/Nul5ECp.png)
+
+
+### 2.1.1 Specialisation in Java
+
+![300](https://i.imgur.com/D7nZ2ON.png)
+
+
+## 2.2 Inheriting behaviour via implenting an interface
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/tZX8uQT.png)
+
+- Search specifies a set of common behaviour.
+	- public methods and constant fields only (no variable fields)
+	- effectively an “inheritable” public API (no implementation) ⇒ Catalogue must implement all Search methods
+	- independent of inheritance via specialisation
+	- a class can implement multiple interfaces
+- Things that know how to use Search will also accept Catalogue.
+
+### 2.2.1 Interface in java
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/2cXr5CM.png)
+
+- Examples of built-in Java interfaces: (also see INFO 202) 
+- Collection: collections of objects (lists, sets, maps, …) 
+- Iterable: collections that can be iterated over 
+- Comparable: objects that have a concept of ordering
+
+## 2.3 Public API vs private implementation
+
+- The public API defines what a class can do 
+	- e.g., read and write data, manage a list of items 
+	- effectively a “promise” or “contract” to other classes that use it 
+	- should be as stable as possible 
+
+- The private implementation defines how a class behaves 
+	- e.g., data stored in memory vs. CSV files vs. SQL DBMS vs. …, unsorted lists vs. sorted vs. unique vs. … 
+	- can change to improve speed, reduce memory, redesign architecture, take advantage of new language features, …
+	- shouldn’t be exposed to other classes
+
+## 2.4 Why public and private are decoupled
+
+- More stable public API: 
+	- doesn’t expose internal implementation details 
+	- can change internals without breaking promised behaviour
+
+- More flexible public API: 
+	- less coding required to switch implementations 
+	- can easily switch internal implementations on the fly (e.g., print receipt vs. save as PDF vs. send as email) 
+- Programming to an interface (i.e., public API): 
+	- encapsulate public API into a class or (Java) interface 
+	- subclass or implement this to create specific implementations 
+	- use the top-level class or interface everywhere you would otherwise use the specialised implementations
+
+## 2.5 Java collection interface example
+
+- A collection is a container for groups of objects: 
+	- e.g., lists, sets, stacks, trees, … 
+	- common behaviour (public API): add, remove, count items, … 
+	- specialised behaviour (private implementation): indexing, uniqueness, sorting, … 
+- Java’s Collection interface defines common behaviour: 
+	- add() or remove() items 
+	- get size() of collection 
+	- … 
+- All Java collection types implement Collection. 
+
+Anything coded to work with Collection will accept *any* Java collection type. (e.g., ArrayList, HashSet, TreeMap, …)
+
+### 2.5.1 Bad example
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/89PjFdT.png)
+
+- Internal details (ArrayList) are exposed in public API. 
+- What if requirements change so that each product can appear only once? (requires HashSet) 
+- Could change all ArrayList to HashSet, but: 
+	- need to update everywhere getAllProducts() and getProductsByName() are called! (⇒ massive breakage potential) 
+	- what if requirements change again
+
+### 2.5.2 Good Example
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/j33SjYm.png)
+
+
+- Public API specifies Collection. (general) 
+- Private implementation uses ArrayList. (specific) 
+- Everything outside Inventory sees only Collection. (internal details not exposed)
+- Can switch to HashSet, TreeSet, … without breaking anything.
+
+# 3 Behaviour in Domain models
+
+## 3.1 Rich domain models
+
+- True OO involves sending objects “native instructions” beyond basic getter/setter methods: 
+	- e.g., they can save, display, update, validate, etc., themselves 
+	- often requires communicating with other objects 
+- Advantages: 
+	- better encapsulation ⇒ more scope for reuse 
+	- methods are highly cohesive (focused) 
+	- natural fit with programming to an interface 
+- Disadvantages: 
+	- many “chicken and egg” situations ⇒ harder to use 
+	- bordering on taking things too far (too much abstraction) 
+	- well beyond comfort zone of many developers (“exotic”)
+
+### 3.1.1 Rich domain example: Library system
+
+![](https://i.imgur.com/TCNp6vY.png)
+
+

content/notes/cosc-201.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ tags:
 - course
 - cosc201
 ---
-links: [_index](_index.md)
+links: [_index](/)
 
 - [cosc-201-outline](notes/cosc-201-outline.md)
 - [cosc-201-lectures](notes/cosc-201-lectures.md)

content/notes/info-201-lectures.md

@@ -11,4 +11,5 @@ links: [[notes/info-201]]
 - [08-business-patterns](notes/08-business-patterns.md)
 - [09-data-modelling-and-normalisation](notes/09-data-modelling-and-normalisation.md)
 - [10-oop-concepts-and-uml](notes/10-oop-concepts-and-uml.md)
-- [11-class-diagrams](notes/11-class-diagrams.md)
+- [11-class-diagrams](notes/11-class-diagrams.md)
+-